TITLE 26 - US CODE - PART I - ESTATES, TRUSTS, AND BENEFICIARIES

Subpart A - General Rules for Taxation of Estates and Trusts

26 USC 641 - Imposition of tax

(a) Application of tax 
The tax imposed by section 1 (e) shall apply to the taxable income of estates or of any kind of property held in trust, including
(1) income accumulated in trust for the benefit of unborn or unascertained persons or persons with contingent interests, and income accumulated or held for future distribution under the terms of the will or trust;
(2) income which is to be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the beneficiaries, and income collected by a guardian of an infant which is to be held or distributed as the court may direct;
(3) income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement of the estate; and
(4) income which, in the discretion of the fiduciary, may be either distributed to the beneficiaries or accumulated.
(b) Computation and payment 
The taxable income of an estate or trust shall be computed in the same manner as in the case of an individual, except as otherwise provided in this part. The tax shall be computed on such taxable income and shall be paid by the fiduciary. For purposes of this subsection, a foreign trust or foreign estate shall be treated as a nonresident alien individual who is not present in the United States at any time.
(c) Special rules for taxation of electing small business trusts 

(1) In general 
For purposes of this chapter
(A) the portion of any electing small business trust which consists of stock in 1 or more S corporations shall be treated as a separate trust, and
(B) the amount of the tax imposed by this chapter on such separate trust shall be determined with the modifications of paragraph (2).
(2) Modifications 
For purposes of paragraph (1), the modifications of this paragraph are the following:
(A) Except as provided in section 1 (h), the amount of the tax imposed by section 1 (e) shall be determined by using the highest rate of tax set forth in section 1 (e).
(B) The exemption amount under section 55 (d) shall be zero.
(C) The only items of income, loss, deduction, or credit to be taken into account are the following:
(i) The items required to be taken into account under section 1366.
(ii) Any gain or loss from the disposition of stock in an S corporation.
(iii) To the extent provided in regulations, State or local income taxes or administrative expenses to the extent allocable to items described in clauses (i) and (ii).
(iv) Any interest expense paid or accrued on indebtedness incurred to acquire stock in an S corporation.

No deduction or credit shall be allowed for any amount not described in this paragraph, and no item described in this paragraph shall be apportioned to any beneficiary.

(D) No amount shall be allowed under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1211 (b).
(3) Treatment of remainder of trust and distributions 
For purposes of determining
(A) the amount of the tax imposed by this chapter on the portion of any electing small business trust not treated as a separate trust under paragraph (1), and
(B) the distributable net income of the entire trust,

the items referred to in paragraph (2)(C) shall be excluded. Except as provided in the preceding sentence, this subsection shall not affect the taxation of any distribution from the trust.

(4) Treatment of unused deductions where termination of separate trust 
If a portion of an electing small business trust ceases to be treated as a separate trust under paragraph (1), any carryover or excess deduction of the separate trust which is referred to in section 642 (h) shall be taken into account by the entire trust.
(5) Electing small business trust 
For purposes of this subsection, the term electing small business trust has the meaning given such term by section 1361 (e)(1).

26 USC 642 - Special rules for credits and deductions

(a) Foreign tax credit allowed 
An estate or trust shall be allowed the credit against tax for taxes imposed by foreign countries and possessions of the United States, to the extent allowed by section 901, only in respect of so much of the taxes described in such section as is not properly allocable under such section to the beneficiaries.
(b) Deduction for personal exemption 

(1) Estates 
An estate shall be allowed a deduction of $600.
(2) Trusts 

(A) In general 
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, a trust shall be allowed a deduction of $100.
(B) Trusts distributing income currently 
A trust which, under its governing instrument, is required to distribute all of its income currently shall be allowed a deduction of $300.
(C) Disability trusts 

(i) In general A qualified disability trust shall be allowed a deduction equal to the exemption amount under section 151 (d), determined
(I) by treating such trust as an individual described in section 151 (d)(3)(C)(iii), and
(II) by applying section 67 (e) (without the reference to section 642 (b)) for purposes of determining the adjusted gross income of the trust.
(ii) Qualified disability trust For purposes of clause (i), the term qualified disability trust means any trust if
(I) such trust is a disability trust described in subsection (c)(2)(B)(iv) of section 1917 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396p), and
(II) all of the beneficiaries of the trust as of the close of the taxable year are determined by the Commissioner of Social Security to have been disabled (within the meaning of section 1614(a)(3) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 1382c (a)(3)) for some portion of such year.

A trust shall not fail to meet the requirements of subclause (II) merely because the corpus of the trust may revert to a person who is not so disabled after the trust ceases to have any beneficiary who is so disabled.

(3) Deductions in lieu of personal exemption 
The deductions allowed by this subsection shall be in lieu of the deductions allowed under section 151 (relating to deduction for personal exemption).
(c) Deduction for amounts paid or permanently set aside for a charitable purpose 

(1) General rule 
In the case of an estate or trust (other then[1] a trust meeting the specifications of subpart B), there shall be allowed as a deduction in computing its taxable income (in lieu of the deduction allowed by section 170 (a), relating to deduction for charitable, etc., contributions and gifts) any amount of the gross income, without limitation, which pursuant to the terms of the governing instrument is, during the taxable year, paid for a purpose specified in section 170 (c) (determined without regard to section 170 (c)(2)(A)). If a charitable contribution is paid after the close of such taxable year and on or before the last day of the year following the close of such taxable year, then the trustee or administrator may elect to treat such contribution as paid during such taxable year. The election shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes by regulations.
(2) Amounts permanently set aside 
In the case of an estate, and in the case of a trust (other than a trust meeting the specifications of subpart B) required by the terms of its governing instrument to set aside amounts which was
(A) created on or before October 9, 1969, if
(i) an irrevocable remainder interest is transferred to or for the use of an organization described in section 170 (c), or
(ii) the grantor is at all times after October 9, 1969, under a mental disability to change the terms of the trust; or
(B) established by a will executed on or before October 9, 1969, if
(i) the testator dies before October 9, 1972, without having republished the will after October 9, 1969, by codicil or otherwise,
(ii) the testator at no time after October 9, 1969, had the right to change the portions of the will which pertain to the trust, or
(iii) the will is not republished by codicil or otherwise before October 9, 1972, and the testator is on such date and at all times thereafter under a mental disability to republish the will by codicil or otherwise,

there shall also be allowed as a deduction in computing its taxable income any amount of the gross income, without limitation, which pursuant to the terms of the governing instrument is, during the taxable year, permanently set aside for a purpose specified in section 170 (c), or is to be used exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, or for the establishment, acquisition, maintenance, or operation of a public cemetery not operated for profit. In the case of a trust, the preceding sentence shall apply only to gross income earned with respect to amounts transferred to the trust before October 9, 1969, or transferred under a will to which subparagraph (B) applies.

(3) Pooled income funds 
In the case of a pooled income fund (as defined in paragraph (5)), there shall also be allowed as a deduction in computing its taxable income any amount of the gross income attributable to gain from the sale of a capital asset held for more than 1 year, without limitation, which pursuant to the terms of the governing instrument is, during the taxable year, permanently set aside for a purpose specified in section 170 (c).
(4) Adjustments 
To the extent that the amount otherwise allowable as a deduction under this subsection consists of gain described in section 1202 (a), proper adjustment shall be made for any exclusion allowable to the estate or trust under section 1202. In the case of a trust, the deduction allowed by this subsection shall be subject to section 681 (relating to unrelated business income).
(5) Definition of pooled income fund 
For purposes of paragraph (3), a pooled income fund is a trust
(A) to which each donor transfers property, contributing an irrevocable remainder interest in such property to or for the use of an organization described in section 170 (b)(1)(A) (other than in clauses (vii) or (viii)), and retaining an income interest for the life of one or more beneficiaries (living at the time of such transfer),
(B) in which the property transferred by each donor is commingled with property transferred by other donors who have made or make similar transfers,
(C) which cannot have investments in securities which are exempt from the taxes imposed by this subtitle,
(D) which includes only amounts received from transfers which meet the requirements of this paragraph,
(E) which is maintained by the organization to which the remainder interest is contributed and of which no donor or beneficiary of an income interest is a trustee, and
(F) from which each beneficiary of an income interest receives income, for each year for which he is entitled to receive the income interest referred to in subparagraph (A), determined by the rate of return earned by the trust for such year.

For purposes of determining the amount of any charitable contribution allowable by reason of a transfer of property to a pooled fund, the value of the income interest shall be determined on the basis of the highest rate of return earned by the fund for any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year of the fund in which the transfer is made. In the case of funds in existence less than 3 taxable years preceding the taxable year of the fund in which a transfer is made the rate of return shall be deemed to be 6 percent per annum, except that the Secretary may prescribe a different rate of return.

(6) Taxable private foundations 
In the case of a private foundation which is not exempt from taxation under section 501 (a) for the taxable year, the provisions of this subsection shall not apply and the provisions of section 170 shall apply.
(d) Net operating loss deduction 
The benefit of the deduction for net operating losses provided by section 172 shall be allowed to estates and trusts under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(e) Deduction for depreciation and depletion 
An estate or trust shall be allowed the deduction for depreciation and depletion only to the extent not allowable to beneficiaries under section 167 (d) and 611 (b).
(f) Amortization deductions 
The benefit of the deductions for amortization provided by sections 169 and 197 shall be allowed to estates and trusts in the same manner as in the case of an individual. The allowable deduction shall be apportioned between the income beneficiaries and the fiduciary under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(g) Disallowance of double deductions 
Amounts allowable under section 2053 or 2054 as a deduction in computing the taxable estate of a decedent shall not be allowed as a deduction (or as an offset against the sales price of property in determining gain or loss) in computing the taxable income of the estate or of any other person, unless there is filed, within the time and in the manner and form prescribed by the Secretary, a statement that the amounts have not been allowed as deductions under section 2053 or 2054 and a waiver of the right to have such amounts allowed at any time as deductions under section 2053 or 2054. Rules similar to the rules of the preceding sentence shall apply to amounts which may be taken into account under section 2621 (a)(2) or 2622 (b). This subsection shall not apply with respect to deductions allowed under part II (relating to income in respect of decedents).
(h) Unused loss carryovers and excess deductions on termination available to beneficiaries 
If on the termination of an estate or trust, the estate or trust has
(1) a net operating loss carryover under section 172 or a capital loss carryover under section 1212, or
(2) for the last taxable year of the estate or trust deductions (other than the deductions allowed under subsections (b) or (c)) in excess of gross income for such year,

then such carryover or such excess shall be allowed as a deduction, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, to the beneficiaries succeeding to the property of the estate or trust.

(i) Certain distributions by cemetery perpetual care funds 
In the case of a cemetery perpetual care fund which
(1) was created pursuant to local law by a taxable cemetery corporation for the care and maintenance of cemetery property, and
(2) is treated for the taxable year as a trust for purposes of this subchapter,

any amount distributed by such fund for the care and maintenance of gravesites which have been purchased from the cemetery corporation before the beginning of the taxable year of the trust and with respect to which there is an obligation to furnish care and maintenance shall be considered to be a distribution solely for purposes of sections 651 and 661, but only to the extent that the aggregate amount so distributed during the taxable year does not exceed $5 multiplied by the aggregate number of such gravesites.

[1] So in original. Probably should be “than”.

26 USC 643 - Definitions applicable to subparts A, B, C, andD

(a) Distributable net income 
For purposes of this part, the term distributable net income means, with respect to any taxable year, the taxable income of the estate or trust computed with the following modifications
(1) Deduction for distributions 
No deduction shall be taken under sections 651 and 661 (relating to additional deductions).
(2) Deduction for personal exemption 
No deduction shall be taken under section 642 (b) (relating to deduction for personal exemptions).
(3) Capital gains and losses 
Gains from the sale or exchange of capital assets shall be excluded to the extent that such gains are allocated to corpus and are not
(A)  paid, credited, or required to be distributed to any beneficiary during the taxable year, or
(B)  paid, permanently set aside, or to be used for the purposes specified in section 642 (c). Losses from the sale or exchange of capital assets shall be excluded, except to the extent such losses are taken into account in determining the amount of gains from the sale or exchange of capital assets which are paid, credited, or required to be distributed to any beneficiary during the taxable year. The exclusion under section 1202 shall not be taken into account.
(4) Extraordinary dividends and taxable stock dividends 
For purposes only of subpart B (relating to trusts which distribute current income only), there shall be excluded those items of gross income constituting extraordinary dividends or taxable stock dividends which the fiduciary, acting in good faith, does not pay or credit to any beneficiary by reason of his determination that such dividends are allocable to corpus under the terms of the governing instrument and applicable local law.
(5) Tax-exempt interest 
There shall be included any tax-exempt interest to which section 103 applies, reduced by any amounts which would be deductible in respect of disbursements allocable to such interest but for the provisions of section 265 (relating to disallowance of certain deductions).
(6) Income of foreign trust 
In the case of a foreign trust
(A) There shall be included the amounts of gross income from sources without the United States, reduced by any amounts which would be deductible in respect of disbursements allocable to such income but for the provisions of section 265 (a)(1) (relating to disallowance of certain deductions).
(B) Gross income from sources within the United States shall be determined without regard to section 894 (relating to income exempt under treaty).
(C) Paragraph (3) shall not apply to a foreign trust. In the case of such a trust, there shall be included gains from the sale or exchange of capital assets, reduced by losses from such sales or exchanges to the extent such losses do not exceed gains from such sales or exchanges.
(7) Abusive transactions 
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this part, including regulations to prevent avoidance of such purposes.

If the estate or trust is allowed a deduction under section 642 (c), the amount of the modifications specified in paragraphs (5) and (6) shall be reduced to the extent that the amount of income which is paid, permanently set aside, or to be used for the purposes specified in section 642 (c) is deemed to consist of items specified in those paragraphs. For this purpose, such amount shall (in the absence of specific provisions in the governing instrument) be deemed to consist of the same proportion of each class of items of income of the estate or trust as the total of each class bears to the total of all classes.

(b) Income 
For purposes of this subpart and subparts B, C, and D, the term income, when not preceded by the words taxable, distributable net, undistributed net, or gross, means the amount of income of the estate or trust for the taxable year determined under the terms of the governing instrument and applicable local law. Items of gross income constituting extraordinary dividends or taxable stock dividends which the fiduciary, acting in good faith, determines to be allocable to corpus under the terms of the governing instrument and applicable local law shall not be considered income.
(c) Beneficiary 
For purposes of this part, the term beneficiary includes heir, legatee, devisee.
(d) Coordination with back-up withholding 
Except to the extent otherwise provided in regulations, this subchapter shall be applied with respect to payments subject to withholding under section 3406
(1) by allocating between the estate or trust and its beneficiaries any credit allowable under section 31 (c) (on the basis of their respective shares of any such payment taken into account under this subchapter),
(2) by treating each beneficiary to whom such credit is allocated as if an amount equal to such credit has been paid to him by the estate or trust, and
(3) by allowing the estate or trust a deduction in an amount equal to the credit so allocated to beneficiaries.
(e) Treatment of property distributed in kind 

(1) Basis of beneficiary 
The basis of any property received by a beneficiary in a distribution from an estate or trust shall be
(A) the adjusted basis of such property in the hands of the estate or trust immediately before the distribution, adjusted for
(B) any gain or loss recognized to the estate or trust on the distribution.
(2) Amount of distribution 
In the case of any distribution of property (other than cash), the amount taken into account under sections 661 (a)(2) and 662 (a)(2) shall be the lesser of
(A) the basis of such property in the hands of the beneficiary (as determined under paragraph (1)), or
(B) the fair market value of such property.
(3) Election to recognize gain 

(A) In general 
In the case of any distribution of property (other than cash) to which an election under this paragraph applies
(i) paragraph (2) shall not apply,
(ii) gain or loss shall be recognized by the estate or trust in the same manner as if such property had been sold to the distributee at its fair market value, and
(iii) the amount taken into account under sections 661 (a)(2) and 662 (a)(2) shall be the fair market value of such property.
(B) Election 
Any election under this paragraph shall apply to all distributions made by the estate or trust during a taxable year and shall be made on the return of such estate or trust for such taxable year. Any such election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.
(4) Exception for distributions described in section 663 (a) 
This subsection shall not apply to any distribution described in section 663 (a).
(f) Treatment of multiple trusts 
For purposes of this subchapter, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, 2 or more trusts shall be treated as 1 trust if
(1) such trusts have substantially the same grantor or grantors and substantially the same primary beneficiary or beneficiaries, and
(2) a principal purpose of such trusts is the avoidance of the tax imposed by this chapter.

For purposes of the preceding sentence, a husband and wife shall be treated as 1 person.

(g) Certain payments of estimated tax treated as paid by beneficiary 

(1) In general 
In the case of a trust
(A) the trustee may elect to treat any portion of a payment of estimated tax made by such trust for any taxable year of the trust as a payment made by a beneficiary of such trust,
(B) any amount so treated shall be treated as paid or credited to the beneficiary on the last day of such taxable year, and
(C) for purposes of subtitle F, the amount so treated
(i) shall not be treated as a payment of estimated tax made by the trust, but
(ii) shall be treated as a payment of estimated tax made by such beneficiary on January 15 following the taxable year.
(2) Time for making election 
An election under paragraph (1) shall be made on or before the 65th day after the close of the taxable year of the trust and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe.
(3) Extension to last year of estate 
In the case of a taxable year reasonably expected to be the last taxable year of an estate
(A) any reference in this subsection to a trust shall be treated as including a reference to an estate, and
(B) the fiduciary of the estate shall be treated as the trustee.
(h) Distributions by certain foreign trusts through nominees 
For purposes of this part, any amount paid to a United States person which is derived directly or indirectly from a foreign trust of which the payor is not the grantor shall be deemed in the year of payment to have been directly paid by the foreign trust to such United States person.
(i) Loans from foreign trusts 
For purposes of subparts B, C, and D
(1) General rule 
Except as provided in regulations, if a foreign trust makes a loan of cash or marketable securities directly or indirectly to
(A) any grantor or beneficiary of such trust who is a United States person, or
(B) any United States person not described in subparagraph (A) who is related to such grantor or beneficiary,

the amount of such loan shall be treated as a distribution by such trust to such grantor or beneficiary (as the case may be).

(2) Definitions and special rules 
For purposes of this subsection
(A) Cash 
The term cash includes foreign currencies and cash equivalents.
(B) Related person 

(i) In general A person is related to another person if the relationship between such persons would result in a disallowance of losses under section 267 or 707 (b). In applying section 267 for purposes of the preceding sentence, section 267 (c)(4) shall be applied as if the family of an individual includes the spouses of the members of the family.
(ii) Allocation If any person described in paragraph (1)(B) is related to more than one person, the grantor or beneficiary to whom the treatment under this subsection applies shall be determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(C) Exclusion of tax-exempts 
The term United States person does not include any entity exempt from tax under this chapter.
(D) Trust not treated as simple trust 
Any trust which is treated under this subsection as making a distribution shall be treated as not described in section 651.
(3) Subsequent transactions regarding loan principal 
If any loan is taken into account under paragraph (1), any subsequent transaction between the trust and the original borrower regarding the principal of the loan (by way of complete or partial repayment, satisfaction, cancellation, discharge, or otherwise) shall be disregarded for purposes of this title.

26 USC 644 - Taxable year of trusts

(a) In general 
For purposes of this subtitle, the taxable year of any trust shall be the calendar year.
(b) Exception for trusts exempt from tax and charitable trusts 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to a trust exempt from taxation under section 501 (a) or to a trust described in section 4947 (a)(1).

26 USC 645 - Certain revocable trusts treated as part of estate

(a) General rule 
For purposes of this subtitle, if both the executor (if any) of an estate and the trustee of a qualified revocable trust elect the treatment provided in this section, such trust shall be treated and taxed as part of such estate (and not as a separate trust) for all taxable years of the estate ending after the date of the decedents death and before the applicable date.
(b) Definitions 
For purposes of subsection (a)
(1) Qualified revocable trust 
The term qualified revocable trust means any trust (or portion thereof) which was treated under section 676 as owned by the decedent of the estate referred to in subsection (a) by reason of a power in the grantor (determined without regard to section 672 (e)).
(2) Applicable date 
The term applicable date means
(A) if no return of tax imposed by chapter 11 is required to be filed, the date which is 2 years after the date of the decedents death, and
(B) if such a return is required to be filed, the date which is 6 months after the date of the final determination of the liability for tax imposed by chapter 11.
(c) Election 
The election under subsection (a) shall be made not later than the time prescribed for filing the return of tax imposed by this chapter for the first taxable year of the estate (determined with regard to extensions) and, once made, shall be irrevocable.

26 USC 646 - Tax treatment of electing Alaska Native Settlement Trusts

(a) In general 
If an election under this section is in effect with respect to any Settlement Trust, the provisions of this section shall apply in determining the income tax treatment of the Settlement Trust and its beneficiaries with respect to the Settlement Trust.
(b) Taxation of income of trust 
Except as provided in subsection (f)(1)(B)(ii)
(1) In general 
There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of an electing Settlement Trust, other than its net capital gain, a tax at the lowest rate specified in section 1 (c).
(2) Capital gain 
In the case of an electing Settlement Trust with a net capital gain for the taxable year, a tax is hereby imposed on such gain at the rate of tax which would apply to such gain if the taxpayer were subject to a tax on its other taxable income at only the lowest rate specified in section 1 (c).

Any such tax shall be in lieu of the income tax otherwise imposed by this chapter on such income or gain.

(c) One-time election 

(1) In general 
A Settlement Trust may elect to have the provisions of this section apply to the trust and its beneficiaries.
(2) Time and method of election 
An election under paragraph (1) shall be made by the trustee of such trust
(A) on or before the due date (including extensions) for filing the Settlement Trusts return of tax for the first taxable year of such trust ending after the date of the enactment of this section, and
(B) by attaching to such return of tax a statement specifically providing for such election.
(3) Period election in effect 
Except as provided in subsection (f), an election under this subsection
(A) shall apply to the first taxable year described in paragraph (2)(A) and all subsequent taxable years, and
(B) may not be revoked once it is made.
(d) Contributions to trust 

(1) Beneficiaries of electing trust not taxed on contributions 
In the case of an electing Settlement Trust, no amount shall be includible in the gross income of a beneficiary of such trust by reason of a contribution to such trust.
(2) Earnings and profits 
The earnings and profits of the sponsoring Native Corporation shall not be reduced on account of any contribution to such Settlement Trust.
(e) Tax treatment of distributions to beneficiaries 
Amounts distributed by an electing Settlement Trust during any taxable year shall be considered as having the following characteristics in the hands of the recipient beneficiary:
(1) First, as amounts excludable from gross income for the taxable year to the extent of the taxable income of such trust for such taxable year (decreased by any income tax paid by the trust with respect to the income) plus any amount excluded from gross income of the trust under section 103.
(2) Second, as amounts excludable from gross income to the extent of the amount described in paragraph (1) for all taxable years for which an election is in effect under subsection (c) with respect to the trust, and not previously taken into account under paragraph (1).
(3) Third, as amounts distributed by the sponsoring Native Corporation with respect to its stock (within the meaning of section 301 (a)) during such taxable year and taxable to the recipient beneficiary as amounts described in section 301 (c)(1), to the extent of current or accumulated earnings and profits of the sponsoring Native Corporation as of the close of such taxable year after proper adjustment is made for all distributions made by the sponsoring Native Corporation during such taxable year.
(4) Fourth, as amounts distributed by the trust in excess of the distributable net income of such trust for such taxable year.

Amounts distributed to which paragraph (3) applies shall not be treated as a corporate distribution subject to section 311 (b), and for purposes of determining the amount of a distribution for purposes of paragraph (3) and the basis to the recipients, section 643 (e) and not section 301 (b) or (d) shall apply.

(f) Special rules where transfer restrictions modified 

(1) Transfer of beneficial interests 
If, at any time, a beneficial interest in an electing Settlement Trust may be disposed of to a person in a manner which would not be permitted by section 7(h) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1606 (h)) if such interest were Settlement Common Stock
(A) no election may be made under subsection (c) with respect to such trust, and
(B) if such an election is in effect as of such time
(i) such election shall cease to apply as of the first day of the taxable year in which such disposition is first permitted,
(ii) the provisions of this section shall not apply to such trust for such taxable year and all taxable years thereafter, and
(iii) the distributable net income of such trust shall be increased by the current or accumulated earnings and profits of the sponsoring Native Corporation as of the close of such taxable year after proper adjustment is made for all distributions made by the sponsoring Native Corporation during such taxable year.

In no event shall the increase under clause (iii) exceed the fair market value of the trusts assets as of the date the beneficial interest of the trust first becomes so disposable. The earnings and profits of the sponsoring Native Corporation shall be adjusted as of the last day of such taxable year by the amount of earnings and profits so included in the distributable net income of the trust.

(2) Stock in corporation 
If
(A) stock in the sponsoring Native Corporation may be disposed of to a person in a manner which would not be permitted by section 7(h) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1606 (h)) if such stock were Settlement Common Stock, and
(B) at any time after such disposition of stock is first permitted, such corporation transfers assets to a Settlement Trust,

paragraph (1)(B) shall be applied to such trust on and after the date of the transfer in the same manner as if the trust permitted dispositions of beneficial interests in the trust in a manner not permitted by such section 7 (h).

(3) Certain distributions 
For purposes of this section, the surrender of an interest in a Native Corporation or an electing Settlement Trust in order to accomplish the whole or partial redemption of the interest of a shareholder or beneficiary in such corporation or trust, or to accomplish the whole or partial liquidation of such corporation or trust, shall be deemed to be a transfer permitted by section 7(h) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.
(g) Taxable income 
For purposes of this title, the taxable income of an electing Settlement Trust shall be determined under section 641 (b) without regard to any deduction under section 651 or 661.
(h) Definitions 
For purposes of this section
(1) Electing Settlement Trust 
The term electing Settlement Trust means a Settlement Trust which has made the election, effective for a taxable year, described in subsection (c).
(2) Native Corporation 
The term Native Corporation has the meaning given such term by section 3(m) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602 (m)).
(3) Settlement Common Stock 
The term Settlement Common Stock has the meaning given such term by section 3(p) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602 (p)).
(4) Settlement Trust 
The term Settlement Trust means a trust that constitutes a settlement trust under section 3(t) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602 (t)).
(5) Sponsoring Native Corporation 
The term sponsoring Native Corporation means the Native Corporation which transfers assets to an electing Settlement Trust.
(i) Special loss disallowance rule 
Any loss that would otherwise be recognized by a shareholder upon a disposition of a share of stock of a sponsoring Native Corporation shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the per share loss adjustment factor. The per share loss adjustment factor shall be the aggregate of all contributions to all electing Settlement Trusts sponsored by such Native Corporation made on or after the first day each trust is treated as an electing Settlement Trust expressed on a per share basis and determined as of the day of each such contribution.
(j) Cross reference 
For information required with respect to electing Settlement Trusts and sponsoring Native Corporations, see section 6039H.

Subpart B - Trusts Which Distribute Current Income Only

26 USC 651 - Deduction for trusts distributing current income only

(a) Deduction 
In the case of any trust the terms of which
(1) provide that all of its income is required to be distributed currently, and
(2) do not provide that any amounts are to be paid, permanently set aside, or used for the purposes specified in section 642 (c) (relating to deduction for charitable, etc., purposes),

there shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the taxable income of the trust the amount of the income for the taxable year which is required to be distributed currently. This section shall not apply in any taxable year in which the trust distributes amounts other than amounts of income described in paragraph (1).

(b) Limitation on deduction 
If the amount of income required to be distributed currently exceeds the distributable net income of the trust for the taxable year, the deduction shall be limited to the amount of the distributable net income. For this purpose, the computation of distributable net income shall not include items of income which are not included in the gross income of the trust and the deductions allocable thereto.

26 USC 652 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of trusts distributing current income only

(a) Inclusion 
Subject to subsection (b), the amount of income for the taxable year required to be distributed currently by a trust described in section 651 shall be included in the gross income of the beneficiaries to whom the income is required to be distributed, whether distributed or not. If such amount exceeds the distributable net income, there shall be included in the gross income of each beneficiary an amount which bears the same ratio to distributable net income as the amount of income required to be distributed to such beneficiary bears to the amount of income required to be distributed to all beneficiaries.
(b) Character of amounts 
The amounts specified in subsection (a) shall have the same character in the hands of the beneficiary as in the hands of the trust. For this purpose, the amounts shall be treated as consisting of the same proportion of each class of items entering into the computation of distributable net income of the trust as the total of each class bears to the total distributable net income of the trust, unless the terms of the trust specifically allocate different classes of income to different beneficiaries. In the application of the preceding sentence, the items of deduction entering into the computation of distributable net income shall be allocated among the items of distributable net income in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(c) Different taxable years 
If the taxable year of a beneficiary is different from that of the trust, the amount which the beneficiary is required to include in gross income in accordance with the provisions of this section shall be based upon the amount of income of the trust for any taxable year or years of the trust ending within or with his taxable year.

Subpart C - Estates and Trusts Which May Accumulate Income or Which Distribute Corpus

26 USC 661 - Deduction for estates and trusts accumulating income or distributing corpus

(a) Deduction 
In any taxable year there shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the taxable income of an estate or trust (other than a trust to which subpart B applies), the sum of
(1) any amount of income for such taxable year required to be distributed currently (including any amount required to be distributed which may be paid out of income or corpus to the extent such amount is paid out of income for such taxable year); and
(2) any other amounts properly paid or credited or required to be distributed for such taxable year;

but such deduction shall not exceed the distributable net income of the estate or trust.

(b) Character of amounts distributed 
The amount determined under subsection (a) shall be treated as consisting of the same proportion of each class of items entering into the computation of distributable net income of the estate or trust as the total of each class bears to the total distributable net income of the estate or trust in the absence of the allocation of different classes of income under the specific terms of the governing instrument. In the application of the preceding sentence, the items of deduction entering into the computation of distributable net income (including the deduction allowed under section 642 (c)) shall be allocated among the items of distributable net income in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(c) Limitation on deduction 
No deduction shall be allowed under subsection (a) in respect of any portion of the amount allowed as a deduction under that subsection (without regard to this subsection) which is treated under subsection (b) as consisting of any item of distributable net income which is not included in the gross income of the estate or trust.

26 USC 662 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and trusts accumulating income or distributing corpus

(a) Inclusion 
Subject to subsection (b), there shall be included in the gross income of a beneficiary to whom an amount specified in section 661 (a) is paid, credited, or required to be distributed (by an estate or trust described in section 661), the sum of the following amounts:
(1) Amounts required to be distributed currently 
The amount of income for the taxable year required to be distributed currently to such beneficiary, whether distributed or not. If the amount of income required to be distributed currently to all beneficiaries exceeds the distributable net income (computed without the deduction allowed by section 642 (c), relating to deduction for charitable, etc., purposes) of the estate or trust, then, in lieu of the amount provided in the preceding sentence, there shall be included in the gross income of the beneficiary an amount which bears the same ratio to distributable net income (as so computed) as the amount of income required to be distributed currently to such beneficiary bears to the amount required to be distributed currently to all beneficiaries. For purposes of this section, the phrase the amount of income for the taxable year required to be distributed currently includes any amount required to be paid out of income or corpus to the extent such amount is paid out of income for such taxable year.
(2) Other amounts distributed 
All other amounts properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed to such beneficiary for the taxable year. If the sum of
(A) the amount of income for the taxable year required to be distributed currently to all beneficiaries, and
(B) all other amounts properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed to all beneficiaries

exceeds the distributable net income of the estate or trust, then, in lieu of the amount provided in the preceding sentence, there shall be included in the gross income of the beneficiary an amount which bears the same ratio to distributable net income (reduced by the amounts specified in (A)) as the other amounts properly paid, credited or required to be distributed to the beneficiary bear to the other amounts properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed to all beneficiaries.

(b) Character of amounts 
The amounts determined under subsection (a) shall have the same character in the hands of the beneficiary as in the hands of the estate or trust. For this purpose, the amounts shall be treated as consisting of the same proportion of each class of items entering into the computation of distributable net income as the total of each class bears to the total distributable net income of the estate or trust unless the terms of the governing instrument specifically allocate different classes of income to different beneficiaries. In the application of the preceding sentence, the items of deduction entering into the computation of distributable net income (including the deduction allowed under section 642 (c)) shall be allocated among the items of distributable net income in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary. In the application of this subsection to the amount determined under paragraph (1) of subsection (a), distributable net income shall be computed without regard to any portion of the deduction under section 642 (c) which is not attributable to income of the taxable year.
(c) Different taxable years 
If the taxable year of a beneficiary is different from that of the estate or trust, the amount to be included in the gross income of the beneficiary shall be based on the distributable net income of the estate or trust and the amounts properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed to the beneficiary during any taxable year or years of the estate or trust ending within or with his taxable year.

26 USC 663 - Special rules applicable to sections 661 and 662

(a) Exclusions 
There shall not be included as amounts falling within section 661 (a) or 662 (a)
(1) Gifts, bequests, etc. 
Any amount which, under the terms of the governing instrument, is properly paid or credited as a gift or bequest of a specific sum of money or of specific property and which is paid or credited all at once or in not more than 3 installments. For this purpose an amount which can be paid or credited only from the income of the estate or trust shall not be considered as a gift or bequest of a specific sum of money.
(2) Charitable, etc., distributions 
Any amount paid or permanently set aside or otherwise qualifying for the deduction provided in section 642 (c) (computed without regard to sections 508 (d), 681, and 4948 (c)(4)).
(3) Denial of double deduction 
Any amount paid, credited, or distributed in the taxable year, if section 651 or section 661 applied to such amount for a preceding taxable year of an estate or trust because credited or required to be distributed in such preceding taxable year.
(b) Distributions in first sixty-five days of taxable year 

(1) General rule 
If within the first 65 days of any taxable year of an estate or a trust, an amount is properly paid or credited, such amount shall be considered paid or credited on the last day of the preceding taxable year.
(2) Limitation 
Paragraph (1) shall apply with respect to any taxable year of an estate or a trust only if the executor of such estate or the fiduciary of such trust (as the case may be) elects, in such manner and at such time as the Secretary prescribes by regulations, to have paragraph (1) apply for such taxable year.
(c) Separate shares treated as separate estates or trusts 
For the sole purpose of determining the amount of distributable net income in the application of sections 661 and 662, in the case of a single trust having more than one beneficiary, substantially separate and independent shares of different beneficiaries in the trust shall be treated as separate trusts. Rules similar to the rules of the preceding provisions of this subsection shall apply to treat substantially separate and independent shares of different beneficiaries in an estate having more than 1 beneficiary as separate estates. The existence of such substantially separate and independent shares and the manner of treatment as separate trusts or estates, including the application of subpart D, shall be determined in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

26 USC 664 - Charitable remainder trusts

(a) General rule 
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, the provisions of this section shall, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, apply in the case of a charitable remainder annuity trust and a charitable remainder unitrust.
(b) Character of distributions 
Amounts distributed by a charitable remainder annuity trust or by a charitable remainder unitrust shall be considered as having the following characteristics in the hands of a beneficiary to whom is paid the annuity described in subsection (d)(1)(A) or the payment described in subsection (d)(2)(A):
(1) First, as amounts of income (other than gains, and amounts treated as gains, from the sale or other disposition of capital assets) includible in gross income to the extent of such income of the trust for the year and such undistributed income of the trust for prior years;
(2) Second, as a capital gain to the extent of the capital gain of the trust for the year and the undistributed capital gain of the trust for prior years;
(3) Third, as other income to the extent of such income of the trust for the year and such undistributed income of the trust for prior years; and
(4) Fourth, as a distribution of trust corpus.

For purposes of this section, the trust shall determine the amount of its undistributed capital gain on a cumulative net basis.

(c) Taxation of trusts 

(1) Income tax 
A charitable remainder annuity trust and a charitable remainder unitrust shall, for any taxable year, not be subject to any tax imposed by this subtitle.
(2) Excise tax 

(A) In general 
In the case of a charitable remainder annuity trust or a charitable remainder unitrust which has unrelated business taxable income (within the meaning of section 512, determined as if part III of subchapter F applied to such trust) for a taxable year, there is hereby imposed on such trust or unitrust an excise tax equal to the amount of such unrelated business taxable income.
(B) Certain rules to apply 
The tax imposed by subparagraph (A) shall be treated as imposed by chapter 42 for purposes of this title other than subchapter E of chapter 42.
(C) Tax court proceedings 
For purposes of this paragraph, the references in section 6212 (c)(1) to section 4940 shall be deemed to include references to this paragraph.
(d) Definitions 

(1) Charitable remainder annuity trust 
For purposes of this section, a charitable remainder annuity trust is a trust
(A) from which a sum certain (which is not less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent of the initial net fair market value of all property placed in trust) is to be paid, not less often than annually, to one or more persons (at least one of which is not an organization described in section 170 (c) and, in the case of individuals, only to an individual who is living at the time of the creation of the trust) for a term of years (not in excess of 20 years) or for the life or lives of such individual or individuals,
(B) from which no amount other than the payments described in subparagraph (A) and other than qualified gratuitous transfers described in subparagraph (C) may be paid to or for the use of any person other than an organization described in section 170 (c),
(C) following the termination of the payments described in subparagraph (A), the remainder interest in the trust is to be transferred to, or for the use of, an organization described in section 170 (c) or is to be retained by the trust for such a use or, to the extent the remainder interest is in qualified employer securities (as defined in subsection (g)(4)), all or part of such securities are to be transferred to an employee stock ownership plan (as defined in section 4975 (e)(7)) in a qualified gratuitous transfer (as defined by subsection (g)), and
(D) the value (determined under section 7520) of such remainder interest is at least 10 percent of the initial net fair market value of all property placed in the trust.
(2) Charitable remainder unitrust 
For purposes of this section, a charitable remainder unitrust is a trust
(A) from which a fixed percentage (which is not less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent) of the net fair market value of its assets, valued annually, is to be paid, not less often than annually, to one or more persons (at least one of which is not an organization described in section 170 (c) and, in the case of individuals, only to an individual who is living at the time of the creation of the trust) for a term of years (not in excess of 20 years) or for the life or lives of such individual or individuals,
(B) from which no amount other than the payments described in subparagraph (A) and other than qualified gratuitous transfers described in subparagraph (C) may be paid to or for the use of any person other than an organization described in section 170 (c),
(C) following the termination of the payments described in subparagraph (A), the remainder interest in the trust is to be transferred to, or for the use of, an organization described in section 170 (c) or is to be retained by the trust for such a use or, to the extent the remainder interest is in qualified employer securities (as defined in subsection (g)(4)), all or part of such securities are to be transferred to an employee stock ownership plan (as defined in section 4975 (e)(7)) in a qualified gratuitous transfer (as defined by subsection (g)), and
(D) with respect to each contribution of property to the trust, the value (determined under section 7520) of such remainder interest in such property is at least 10 percent of the net fair market value of such property as of the date such property is contributed to the trust.
(3) Exception 
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (2)(A) and (B), the trust instrument may provide that the trustee shall pay the income beneficiary for any year
(A) the amount of the trust income, if such amount is less than the amount required to be distributed under paragraph (2)(A), and
(B) any amount of the trust income which is in excess of the amount required to be distributed under paragraph (2)(A), to the extent that (by reason of subparagraph (A)) the aggregate of the amounts paid in prior years was less than the aggregate of such required amounts.
(4) Severance of certain additional contributions 
If
(A) any contribution is made to a trust which before the contribution is a charitable remainder unitrust, and
(B) such contribution would (but for this paragraph) result in such trust ceasing to be a charitable unitrust by reason of paragraph (2)(D),

such contribution shall be treated as a transfer to a separate trust under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

(e) Valuation for purposes of charitable contribution 
For purposes of determining the amount of any charitable contribution, the remainder interest of a charitable remainder annuity trust or charitable remainder unitrust shall be computed on the basis that an amount equal to 5 percent of the net fair market value of its assets (or a greater amount, if required under the terms of the trust instrument) is to be distributed each year.
(f) Certain contingencies permitted 

(1) General rule 
If a trust would, but for a qualified contingency, meet the requirements of paragraph (1)(A) or (2)(A) of subsection (d), such trust shall be treated as meeting such requirements.
(2) Value determined without regard to qualified contingency 
For purposes of determining the amount of any charitable contribution (or the actuarial value of any interest), a qualified contingency shall not be taken into account.
(3) Qualified contingency 
For purposes of this subsection, the term qualified contingency means any provision of a trust which provides that, upon the happening of a contingency, the payments described in paragraph (1)(A) or (2)(A) of subsection (d) (as the case may be) will terminate not later than such payments would otherwise terminate under the trust.
(g) Qualified gratuitous transfer of qualified employer securities 

(1) In general 
For purposes of this section, the term qualified gratuitous transfer means a transfer of qualified employer securities to an employee stock ownership plan (as defined in section 4975 (e)(7)) but only to the extent that
(A) the securities transferred previously passed from a decedent dying before January 1, 1999, to a trust described in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (d),
(B) no deduction under section 404 is allowable with respect to such transfer,
(C) such plan contains the provisions required by paragraph (3),
(D) such plan treats such securities as being attributable to employer contributions but without regard to the limitations otherwise applicable to such contributions under section 404, and
(E) the employer whose employees are covered by the plan described in this paragraph files with the Secretary a verified written statement consenting to the application of sections 4978 and 4979A with respect to such employer.
(2) Exception 
The term qualified gratuitous transfer shall not include a transfer of qualified employer securities to an employee stock ownership plan unless
(A) such plan was in existence on August 1, 1996,
(B) at the time of the transfer, the decedent and members of the decedents family (within the meaning of section 2032A (e)(2)) own (directly or through the application of section 318 (a)) no more than 10 percent of the value of the stock of the corporation referred to in paragraph (4), and
(C) immediately after the transfer, such plan owns (after the application of section 318 (a)(4)) at least 60 percent of the value of the outstanding stock of the corporation.
(3) Plan requirements 
A plan contains the provisions required by this paragraph if such plan provides that
(A) the qualified employer securities so transferred are allocated to plan participants in a manner consistent with section 401 (a)(4),
(B) plan participants are entitled to direct the plan as to the manner in which such securities which are entitled to vote and are allocated to the account of such participant are to be voted,
(C) an independent trustee votes the securities so transferred which are not allocated to plan participants,
(D) each participant who is entitled to a distribution from the plan has the rights described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 409 (h)(1),
(E) such securities are held in a suspense account under the plan to be allocated each year, up to the applicable limitation under paragraph (7) (determined on the basis of fair market value of securities when allocated to participants), after first allocating all other annual additions for the limitation year, up to the limitations under sections 415 (c) and (e),1 and
(F) on termination of the plan, all securities so transferred which are not allocated to plan participants as of such termination are to be transferred to, or for the use of, an organization described in section 170 (c).

For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term independent trustee means any trustee who is not a member of the family (within the meaning of section 2032A(e)(2)) of the decedent or a 5-percent shareholder. A plan shall not fail to be treated as meeting the requirements of section 401 (a) by reason of meeting the requirements of this subsection.

(4) Qualified employer securities 
For purposes of this section, the term qualified employer securities means employer securities (as defined in section 409 (l)) which are issued by a domestic corporation
(A) which has no outstanding stock which is readily tradable on an established securities market, and
(B) which has only 1 class of stock.
(5) Treatment of securities allocated by employee stock ownership plan to persons related to decedent or 5-percent shareholders 

(A) In general 
If any portion of the assets of the plan attributable to securities acquired by the plan in a qualified gratuitous transfer are allocated to the account of
(i) any person who is related to the decedent (within the meaning of section 267 (b)) or a member of the decedents family (within the meaning of section 2032A (e)(2)), or
(ii) any person who, at the time of such allocation or at any time during the 1-year period ending on the date of the acquisition of qualified employer securities by the plan, is a 5-percent shareholder of the employer maintaining the plan,

the plan shall be treated as having distributed (at the time of such allocation) to such person or shareholder the amount so allocated.

(B) 5-percent shareholder 
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term 5-percent shareholder means any person who owns (directly or through the application of section 318 (a)) more than 5 percent of the outstanding stock of the corporation which issued such qualified employer securities or of any corporation which is a member of the same controlled group of corporations (within the meaning of section 409 (l)(4)) as such corporation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, section 318 (a) shall be applied without regard to the exception in paragraph (2)(B)(i) thereof.
(C) Cross reference 
For excise tax on allocations described in subparagraph (A), see section 4979A.
(6) Tax on failure to transfer unallocated securities to charity on termination of plan 
If the requirements of paragraph (3)(F) are not met with respect to any securities, there is hereby imposed a tax on the employer maintaining the plan in an amount equal to the sum of
(A) the amount of the increase in the tax which would be imposed by chapter 11 if such securities were not transferred as described in paragraph (1), and
(B) interest on such amount at the underpayment rate under section 6621 (and compounded daily) from the due date for filing the return of the tax imposed by chapter 11.
(7) Applicable limitation 

(A) In general 
For purposes of paragraph (3)(E), the applicable limitation under this paragraph with respect to a participant is an amount equal to the lesser of
(i) $30,000, or
(ii) 25 percent of the participants compensation (as defined in section 415 (c)(3)).
(B) Cost-of-living adjustment 
The Secretary shall adjust annually the $30,000 amount under subparagraph (A)(i) at the same time and in the same manner as under section 415 (d), except that the base period shall be the calendar quarter beginning October 1, 1993, and any increase under this subparagraph which is not a multiple of $5,000 shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $5,000.
[1] See References in Text note below.

Subpart D - Treatment of Excess Distributions by Trusts

26 USC 665 - Definitions applicable to subpart D

(a) Undistributed net income 
For purposes of this subpart, the term undistributed net income for any taxable year means the amount by which distributable net income of the trust for such taxable year exceeds the sum of
(1) the amounts for such taxable year specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 661 (a), and
(2) the amount of taxes imposed on the trust attributable to such distributable net income.
(b) Accumulation distribution 
For purposes of this subpart, except as provided in subsection (c), the term accumulation distribution means, for any taxable year of the trust, the amount by which
(1) the amounts specified in paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) for such taxable year, exceed
(2) distributable net income for such year reduced (but not below zero) by the amounts specified in paragraph (1) of section 661 (a).

For purposes of section 667 (other than subsection (c) thereof, relating to multiple trusts), the amounts specified in paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) shall not include amounts properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed to a beneficiary from a trust (other than a foreign trust) as income accumulated before the birth of such beneficiary or before such beneficiary attains the age of 21. If the amounts properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed by the trust for the taxable year do not exceed the income of the trust for such year, there shall be no accumulation distribution for such year.

(c) Exception for accumulation distributions from certain domestic trusts 
For purposes of this subpart
(1) In general 
In the case of a qualified trust, any distribution in any taxable year beginning after the date of the enactment of this subsection shall be computed without regard to any undistributed net income.
(2) Qualified trust 
For purposes of this subsection, the term qualified trust means any trust other than
(A) a foreign trust (or, except as provided in regulations, a domestic trust which at any time was a foreign trust), or
(B) a trust created before March 1, 1984, unless it is established that the trust would not be aggregated with other trusts under section 643 (f) if such section applied to such trust.
(d) Taxes imposed on the trust 
For purposes of this subpart
(1) In general 
The term taxes imposed on the trust means the amount of the taxes which are imposed for any taxable year of the trust under this chapter (without regard to this subpart or part IV of subchapter A) and which, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, are properly allocable to the undistributed portions of distributable net income and gains in excess of losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets. The amount determined in the preceding sentence shall be reduced by any amount of such taxes deemed distributed under section 666 (b) and (c) to any beneficiary.
(2) Foreign trusts 
In the case of any foreign trust, the term taxes imposed on the trust includes the amount, reduced as provided in the last sentence of paragraph (1), of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes imposed by any foreign country or possession of the United States on such foreign trust which, as determined under paragraph (1), are so properly allocable. Under rules or regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of any foreign trust of which the settlor or another person would be treated as owner of any portion of the trust under subpart E but for section 672 (f), the term taxes imposed on the trust includes the allocable amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes imposed by any foreign country or possession of the United States on the settlor or such other person in respect of trust income.
(e) Preceding taxable year 
For purposes of this subpart
(1) In the case of a foreign trust created by a United States person, the term preceding taxable year does not include any taxable year of the trust to which this part does not apply.
(2) In the case of a preceding taxable year with respect to which a trust qualified, without regard to this subpart, under the provisions of subpart B, for purposes of the application of this subpart to such trust for such taxable year, such trust shall, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, be treated as a trust to which subpart C applies.

26 USC 666 - Accumulation distribution allocated to preceding years

(a) Amount allocated 
In the case of a trust which is subject to subpart C, the amount of the accumulation distribution of such trust for a taxable year shall be deemed to be an amount within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) distributed on the last day of each of the preceding taxable years, commencing with the earliest of such years, to the extent that such amount exceeds the total of any undistributed net income for all earlier preceding taxable years. The amount deemed to be distributed in any such preceding taxable year under the preceding sentence shall not exceed the undistributed net income for such preceding taxable year. For purposes of this subsection, undistributed net income for each of such preceding taxable years shall be computed without regard to such accumulation distribution and without regard to any accumulation distribution determined for any succeeding taxable year.
(b) Total taxes deemed distributed 
If any portion of an accumulation distribution for any taxable year is deemed under subsection (a) to be an amount within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) distributed on the last day of any preceding taxable year, and such portion of such distribution is not less than the undistributed net income for such preceding taxable year, the trust shall be deemed to have distributed on the last day of such preceding taxable year an additional amount within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a). Such additional amount shall be equal to the taxes (other than the tax imposed by section 55) imposed on the trust for such preceding taxable year attributable to the undistributed net income. For purposes of this subsection, the undistributed net income and the taxes imposed on the trust for such preceding taxable year attributable to such undistributed net income shall be computed without regard to such accumulation distribution and without regard to any accumulation distribution determined for any succeeding taxable year.
(c) Pro rata portion of taxes deemed distributed 
If any portion of an accumulation distribution for any taxable year is deemed under subsection (a) to be an amount within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) distributed on the last day of any preceding taxable year and such portion of the accumulation distribution is less than the undistributed net income for such preceding taxable year, the trust shall be deemed to have distributed on the last day of such preceding taxable year an additional amount within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a). Such additional amount shall be equal to the taxes (other than the tax imposed by section 55) imposed on the trust for such taxable year attributable to the undistributed net income multiplied by the ratio of the portion of the accumulation distribution to the undistributed net income of the trust for such year. For purposes of this subsection, the undistributed net income and the taxes imposed on the trust for such preceding taxable year attributable to such undistributed net income shall be computed without regard to the accumulation distribution and without regard to any accumulation distribution determined for any succeeding taxable year.
(d) Rule when information is not available 
If adequate records are not available to determine the proper application of this subpart to an amount distributed by a trust, such amount shall be deemed to be an accumulation distribution consisting of undistributed net income earned during the earliest preceding taxable year of the trust in which it can be established that the trust was in existence.
(e) Denial of refund to trusts and beneficiaries 
No refund or credit shall be allowed to a trust or a beneficiary of such trust for any preceding taxable year by reason of a distribution deemed to have been made by such trust in such year under this section.

26 USC 667 - Treatment of amounts deemed distributed by trust in preceding years

(a) General rule 
The total of the amounts which are treated under section 666 as having been distributed by a trust in a preceding taxable year shall be included in the income of a beneficiary of the trust when paid, credited, or required to be distributed to the extent that such total would have been included in the income of such beneficiary under section 662 (a)(2) (and, with respect to any tax-exempt interest to which section 103 applies, under section 662 (b)) if such total had been paid to such beneficiary on the last day of such preceding taxable year. The tax imposed by this subtitle on a beneficiary for a taxable year in which any such amount is included in his income shall be determined only as provided in this section and shall consist of the sum of
(1) a partial tax computed on the taxable income reduced by an amount equal to the total of such amounts, at the rate and in the manner as if this section had not been enacted,
(2) a partial tax determined as provided in subsection (b) of this section, and
(3) in the case of a foreign trust, the interest charge determined as provided in section 668.
(b) Tax on distribution 

(1) In general 
The partial tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) shall be determined.
(A) by determining the number of preceding taxable years of the trust on the last day of which an amount is deemed under section 666 (a) to have been distributed,
(B) by taking from the 5 taxable years immediately preceding the year of the accumulation distribution the 1 taxable year for which the beneficiarys taxable income was the highest and the 1 taxable year for which his taxable income was the lowest,
(C) by adding to the beneficiarys taxable income for each of the 3 taxable years remaining after the application of subparagraph (B) an amount determined by dividing the amount deemed distributed under section 666 and required to be included in income under subsection (a) by the number of preceding taxable years determined under subparagraph (A), and
(D) by determining the average increase in tax for the 3 taxable years referred to in subparagraph (C) resulting from the application of such subparagraph. The partial tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) shall be the excess (if any) of the average increase in tax determined under subparagraph (D), multiplied by the number of preceding taxable years determined under subparagraph (A), over the amount of taxes (other than the amount of taxes described in section 665 (d)(2)) deemed distributed to the beneficiary under sections 666 (b) and (c).
(2) Treatment of loss years 
For purposes of paragraph (1), the taxable income of the beneficiary for any taxable year shall be deemed to be not less than zero.
(3) Certain preceding taxable years not taken into account 
For purposes of paragraph (1), if the amount of the undistributed net income deemed distributed in any preceding taxable year of the trust is less than 25 percent of the amount of the accumulation distribution divided by the number of preceding taxable years to which the accumulation distribution is allocated under section 666 (a), the number of preceding taxable years of the trust with respect to which an amount is deemed distributed to a beneficiary under section 666 (a) shall be determined without regard to such year.
(4) Effect of other accumulation distributions 
In computing the partial tax under paragraph (1) for any beneficiary, the income of such beneficiary for each of his prior taxable years shall include amounts previously deemed distributed to such beneficiary in such year under section 666 as a result of prior accumulation distributions (whether from the same or another trust).
(5) Multiple distributions in the same taxable year 
In the case of accumulation distributions made from more than one trust which are includible in the income of a beneficiary in the same taxable year, the distributions shall be deemed to have been made consecutively in whichever order the beneficiary shall determine.
(6) Adjustment in partial tax for estate and generation-skipping transfer taxes attributable to partial tax 

(A) In general 
The partial tax shall be reduced by an amount which is equal to the pre-death portion of the partial tax multiplied by a fraction
(i) the numerator of which is that portion of the tax imposed by chapter 11 or 13, as the case may be, which is attributable (on a proportionate basis) to amounts included in the accumulation distribution, and
(ii) the denominator of which is the amount of the accumulation distribution which is subject to the tax imposed by chapter 11 or 13, as the case may be.
(B) Partial tax determined without regard to this paragraph 
For purposes of this paragraph, the term partial tax means the partial tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) determined under this subsection without regard to this paragraph.
(C) Pre-death portion 
For purposes of this paragraph, the pre-death portion of the partial tax shall be an amount which bears the same ratio to the partial tax as the portion of the accumulation distribution which is attributable to the period before the date of the death of the decedent or the date of the generation-skipping transfer bears to the total accumulation distribution.
(c) Special rule for multiple trusts 

(1) In general 
If, in the same prior taxable year of the beneficiary in which any part of the accumulation distribution from a trust (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as third trust) is deemed under section 666 (a) to have been distributed to such beneficiary, some part of prior distributions by each of 2 or more other trusts is deemed under section 666 (a) to have been distributed to such beneficiary, then subsections (b) and (c) of section 666 shall not apply with respect to such part of the accumulation distribution from such third trust.
(2) Accumulation distributions from trust not taken into account unless they equal or exceed $1,000 
For purposes of paragraph (1), an accumulation distribution from a trust to a beneficiary shall be taken into account only if such distribution, when added to any prior accumulation distributions from such trust which are deemed under section 666 (a) to have been distributed to such beneficiary for the same prior taxable year of the beneficiary, equals or exceeds $1,000.
(d) Special rules for foreign trust 

(1) Foreign tax deemed paid by beneficiary 

(A) In general 
In determining the increase in tax under subsection (b)(1)(D) for any computation year, the taxes described in section 665 (d)(2) which are deemed distributed under section 666 (b) or (c) and added under subsection (b)(1)(C) to the taxable income of the beneficiary for any computation year shall, except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), be treated as a credit against the increase in tax for such computation year under subsection (b)(1)(D).
(B) Deduction in lieu of credit 
If the beneficiary did not choose the benefits of subpart A of part III of subchapter N with respect to the computation year, the beneficiary may in lieu of treating the amounts described in subparagraph (A) (without regard to subparagraph (C)) as a credit may treat such amounts as a deduction in computing the beneficiarys taxable income under subsection (b)(1)(C) for the computation year.
(C) Limitation on credit; retention of character 

(i) Limitation on credit For purposes of determining under subparagraph (A) the amount treated as a credit for any computation year, the limitations under subpart A of part III of subchapter N shall be applied separately with respect to amounts added under subsection (b)(1)(C) to the taxable income of the beneficiary for such computation year. For purposes of computing the increase in tax under subsection (b)(1)(D) for any computation year for which the beneficiary did not choose the benefits of subpart A of part III of subchapter N, the beneficiary shall be treated as having chosen such benefits for such computation year.
(ii) Retention of character The items of income, deduction, and credit of the Trust shall retain their character (subject to the application of section 904 (f)(5)) to the extent necessary to apply this paragraph.
(D) Computation year 
For purposes of this paragraph, the term computation year means any of the three taxable years remaining after application of subsection (b)(1)(B).
(e) Retention of character of amounts distributed from accumulation trust to nonresident aliens and foreign corporations 
In the case of a distribution from a trust to a nonresident alien individual or to a foreign corporation, the first sentence of subsection (a) shall be applied as if the reference to the determination of character under section 662 (b) applied to all amounts instead of just to tax-exempt interest.

26 USC 668 - Interest charge on accumulation distributions from foreign trusts

(a) General rule 
For purposes of the tax determined under section 667 (a)
(1) Interest determined using underpayment rates 
The interest charge determined under this section with respect to any distribution is the amount of interest which would be determined on the partial tax computed under section 667 (b) for the period described in paragraph (2) using the rates and the method under section 6621 applicable to underpayments of tax.
(2) Period 
For purposes of paragraph (1), the period described in this paragraph is the period which begins on the date which is the applicable number of years before the date of the distribution and which ends on the date of the distribution.
(3) Applicable number of years 
For purposes of paragraph (2)
(A) In general 
The applicable number of years with respect to a distribution is the number determined by dividing
(i) the sum of the products described in subparagraph (B) with respect to each undistributed income year, by
(ii) the aggregate undistributed net income.

The quotient determined under the preceding sentence shall be rounded under procedures prescribed by the Secretary.

(B) Product described 
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the product described in this subparagraph with respect to any undistributed income year is the product of
(i) the undistributed net income for such year, and
(ii) the sum of the number of taxable years between such year and the taxable year of the distribution (counting in each case the undistributed income year but not counting the taxable year of the distribution).
(4) Undistributed income year 
For purposes of this subsection, the term undistributed income year means any prior taxable year of the trust for which there is undistributed net income, other than a taxable year during all of which the beneficiary receiving the distribution was not a citizen or resident of the United States.
(5) Determination of undistributed net income 
Notwithstanding section 666, for purposes of this subsection, an accumulation distribution from the trust shall be treated as reducing proportionately the undistributed net income for undistributed income years.
(6) Periods before 1996 
Interest for the portion of the period described in paragraph (2) which occurs before January 1, 1996, shall be determined
(A) by using an interest rate of 6 percent, and
(B) without compounding until January 1, 1996.
(b) Limitation 
The total amount of the interest charge shall not, when added to the total partial tax computed under section 667 (b), exceed the amount of the accumulation distribution (other than the amount of tax deemed distributed by section 666 (b) or (c)) in respect of which such partial tax was determined.
(c) Interest charge not deductible 
The interest charge determined under this section shall not be allowed as a deduction for purposes of any tax imposed by this title.

26 USC 669 - Repealed. Pub. L. 94455, title VII, 701(d)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1578]

Section, acts Oct. 16, 1962, Pub. L. 87–834, § 7(e), 76 Stat. 986; Dec. 30, 1969, Pub. L. 91–172, title III, § 331(a), 83 Stat. 596, related to the treatment of capital gain deemed distributed in preceding years.

Subpart E - Grantors and Others Treated as Substantial Owners

26 USC 671 - Trust income, deductions, and credits attributable to grantors and others as substantial owners

Where it is specified in this subpart that the grantor or another person shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust, there shall then be included in computing the taxable income and credits of the grantor or the other person those items of income, deductions, and credits against tax of the trust which are attributable to that portion of the trust to the extent that such items would be taken into account under this chapter in computing taxable income or credits against the tax of an individual. Any remaining portion of the trust shall be subject to subparts A through D. No items of a trust shall be included in computing the taxable income and credits of the grantor or of any other person solely on the grounds of his dominion and control over the trust under section 61 (relating to definition of gross income) or any other provision of this title, except as specified in this subpart.

26 USC 672 - Definitions and rules

(a) Adverse party 
For purposes of this subpart, the term adverse party means any person having a substantial beneficial interest in the trust which would be adversely affected by the exercise or nonexercise of the power which he possesses respecting the trust. A person having a general power of appointment over the trust property shall be deemed to have a beneficial interest in the trust.
(b) Nonadverse party 
For purposes of this subpart, the term nonadverse party means any person who is not an adverse party.
(c) Related or subordinate party 
For purposes of this subpart, the term related or subordinate party means any nonadverse party who is
(1) the grantors spouse if living with the grantor;
(2) any one of the following: The grantors father, mother, issue, brother or sister; an employee of the grantor; a corporation or any employee of a corporation in which the stock holdings of the grantor and the trust are significant from the viewpoint of voting control; a subordinate employee of a corporation in which the grantor is an executive.

For purposes of subsection (f) and sections 674 and 675, a related or subordinate party shall be presumed to be subservient to the grantor in respect of the exercise or nonexercise of the powers conferred on him unless such party is shown not to be subservient by a preponderance of the evidence.

(d) Rule where power is subject to condition precedent 
A person shall be considered to have a power described in this subpart even though the exercise of the power is subject to a precedent giving of notice or takes effect only on the expiration of a certain period after the exercise of the power.
(e) Grantor treated as holding any power or interest of grantor’s spouse 

(1) In general 
For purposes of this subpart, a grantor shall be treated as holding any power or interest held by
(A) any individual who was the spouse of the grantor at the time of the creation of such power or interest, or
(B) any individual who became the spouse of the grantor after the creation of such power or interest, but only with respect to periods after such individual became the spouse of the grantor.
(2) Marital status 
For purposes of paragraph (1)(A), an individual legally separated from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance shall not be considered as married.
(f) Subpart not to result in foreign ownership 

(1) In general 
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subpart, this subpart shall apply only to the extent such application results in an amount (if any) being currently taken into account (directly or through 1 or more entities) under this chapter in computing the income of a citizen or resident of the United States or a domestic corporation.
(2) Exceptions 

(A) Certain revocable and irrevocable trusts 
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any portion of a trust if
(i) the power to revest absolutely in the grantor title to the trust property to which such portion is attributable is exercisable solely by the grantor without the approval or consent of any other person or with the consent of a related or subordinate party who is subservient to the grantor, or
(ii) the only amounts distributable from such portion (whether income or corpus) during the lifetime of the grantor are amounts distributable to the grantor or the spouse of the grantor.
(B) Compensatory trusts 
Except as provided in regulations, paragraph (1) shall not apply to any portion of a trust distributions from which are taxable as compensation for services rendered.
(3) Special rules 
Except as otherwise provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary
(A) a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957) shall be treated as a domestic corporation for purposes of paragraph (1), and
(B) paragraph (1) shall not apply for purposes of applying section 1297.
(4) Recharacterization of purported gifts 
In the case of any transfer directly or indirectly from a partnership or foreign corporation which the transferee treats as a gift or bequest, the Secretary may recharacterize such transfer in such circumstances as the Secretary determines to be appropriate to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this subsection.
(5) Special rule where grantor is foreign person 
If
(A) but for this subsection, a foreign person would be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust, and
(B) such trust has a beneficiary who is a United States person,

such beneficiary shall be treated as the grantor of such portion to the extent such beneficiary has made (directly or indirectly) transfers of property (other than in a sale for full and adequate consideration) to such foreign person. For purposes of the preceding sentence, any gift shall not be taken into account to the extent such gift would be excluded from taxable gifts under section 2503 (b).

(6) Regulations 
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations providing that paragraph (1) shall not apply in appropriate cases.

26 USC 673 - Reversionary interests

(a) General rule 
The grantor shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust in which he has a reversionary interest in either the corpus or the income therefrom, if, as of the inception of that portion of the trust, the value of such interest exceeds 5 percent of the value of such portion.
(b) Reversionary interest taking effect at death of minor lineal descendant beneficiary 
In the case of any beneficiary who
(1) is a lineal descendant of the grantor, and
(2) holds all of the present interests in any portion of a trust,

the grantor shall not be treated under subsection (a) as the owner of such portion solely by reason of a reversionary interest in such portion which takes effect upon the death of such beneficiary before such beneficiary attains age 21.

(c) Special rule for determining value of reversionary interest 
For purposes of subsection (a), the value of the grantors reversionary interest shall be determined by assuming the maximum exercise of discretion in favor of the grantor.
(d) Postponement of date specified for reacquisition 
Any postponement of the date specified for the reacquisition of possession or enjoyment of the reversionary interest shall be treated as a new transfer in trust commencing with the date on which the postponement is effective and terminating with the date prescribed by the postponement. However, income for any period shall not be included in the income of the grantor by reason of the preceding sentence if such income would not be so includible in the absence of such postponement.

26 USC 674 - Power to control beneficial enjoyment

(a) General rule 
The grantor shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust in respect of which the beneficial enjoyment of the corpus or the income therefrom is subject to a power of disposition, exercisable by the grantor or a nonadverse party, or both, without the approval or consent of any adverse party.
(b) Exceptions for certain powers 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to the following powers regardless of by whom held:
(1) Power to apply income to support of a dependent 
A power described in section 677 (b) to the extent that the grantor would not be subject to tax under that section.
(2) Power affecting beneficial enjoyment only after occurrence of event 
A power, the exercise of which can only affect the beneficial enjoyment of the income for a period commencing after the occurrence of an event such that a grantor would not be treated as the owner under section 673 if the power were a reversionary interest; but the grantor may be treated as the owner after the occurrence of the event unless the power is relinquished.
(3) Power exercisable only by will 
A power exercisable only by will, other than a power in the grantor to appoint by will the income of the trust where the income is accumulated for such disposition by the grantor or may be so accumulated in the discretion of the grantor or a nonadverse party, or both, without the approval or consent of any adverse party.
(4) Power to allocate among charitable beneficiaries 
A power to determine the beneficial enjoyment of the corpus or the income therefrom if the corpus or income is irrevocably payable for a purpose specified in section 170 (c) (relating to definition of charitable contributions) or to an employee stock ownership plan (as defined in section 4975 (e)(7)) in a qualified gratuitous transfer (as defined in section 664 (g)(1)).
(5) Power to distribute corpus 
A power to distribute corpus either
(A) to or for a beneficiary or beneficiaries or to or for a class of beneficiaries (whether or not income beneficiaries) provided that the power is limited by a reasonably definite standard which is set forth in the trust instrument; or
(B) to or for any current income beneficiary, provided that the distribution of corpus must be chargeable against the proportionate share of corpus held in trust for the payment of income to the beneficiary as if the corpus constituted a separate trust.

A power does not fall within the powers described in this paragraph if any person has a power to add to the beneficiary or beneficiaries or to a class of beneficiaries designated to receive the income or corpus, except where such action is to provide for after-born or after-adopted children.

(6) Power to withhold income temporarily 
A power to distribute or apply income to or for any current income beneficiary or to accumulate the income for him, provided that any accumulated income must ultimately be payable
(A) to the beneficiary from whom distribution or application is withheld, to his estate, or to his appointees (or persons named as alternate takers in default of appointment) provided that such beneficiary possesses a power of appointment which does not exclude from the class of possible appointees any person other than the beneficiary, his estate, his creditors, or the creditors of his estate, or
(B) on termination of the trust, or in conjunction with a distribution of corpus which is augmented by such accumulated income, to the current income beneficiaries in shares which have been irrevocably specified in the trust instrument.

Accumulated income shall be considered so payable although it is provided that if any beneficiary does not survive a date of distribution which could reasonably have been expected to occur within the beneficiarys lifetime, the share of the deceased beneficiary is to be paid to his appointees or to one or more designated alternate takers (other than the grantor or the grantors estate) whose shares have been irrevocably specified. A power does not fall within the powers described in this paragraph if any person has a power to add to the beneficiary or beneficiaries or to a class of beneficiaries designated to receive the income or corpus except where such action is to provide for after-born or after-adopted children.

(7) Power to withhold income during disability of a beneficiary 
A power exercisable only during
(A) the existence of a legal disability of any current income beneficiary, or
(B) the period during which any income beneficiary shall be under the age of 21 years,

to distribute or apply income to or for such beneficiary or to accumulate and add the income to corpus. A power does not fall within the powers described in this paragraph if any person has a power to add to the beneficiary or beneficiaries or to a class of beneficiaries designated to receive the income or corpus, except where such action is to provide for after-born or after-adopted children.

(8) Power to allocate between corpus and income 
A power to allocate receipts and disbursements as between corpus and income, even though expressed in broad language.
(c) Exception for certain powers of independent trustees 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to a power solely exercisable (without the approval or consent of any other person) by a trustee or trustees, none of whom is the grantor, and no more than half of whom are related or subordinate parties who are subservient to the wishes of the grantor
(1) to distribute, apportion, or accumulate income to or for a beneficiary or beneficiaries, or to, for, or within a class of beneficiaries; or
(2) to pay out corpus to or for a beneficiary or beneficiaries or to or for a class of beneficiaries (whether or not income beneficiaries).

A power does not fall within the powers described in this subsection if any person has a power to add to the beneficiary or beneficiaries or to a class of beneficiaries designated to receive the income or corpus, except where such action is to provide for after-born or after-adopted children. For periods during which an individual is the spouse of the grantor (within the meaning of section 672 (e)(2)), any reference in this subsection to the grantor shall be treated as including a reference to such individual.

(d) Power to allocate income if limited by a standard 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to a power solely exercisable (without the approval or consent of any other person) by a trustee or trustees, none of whom is the grantor or spouse living with the grantor, to distribute, apportion, or accumulate income to or for a beneficiary or beneficiaries, or to, for, or within a class of beneficiaries, whether or not the conditions of paragraph (6) or (7) of subsection (b) are satisfied, if such power is limited by a reasonably definite external standard which is set forth in the trust instrument. A power does not fall within the powers described in this subsection if any person has a power to add to the beneficiary or beneficiaries or to a class of beneficiaries designated to receive the income or corpus except where such action is to provide for after-born or after-adopted children.

26 USC 675 - Administrative powers

The grantor shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust in respect of which
(1) Power to deal for less than adequate and full consideration 
A power exercisable by the grantor or a nonadverse party, or both, without the approval or consent of any adverse party enables the grantor or any person to purchase, exchange, or otherwise deal with or dispose of the corpus or the income therefrom for less than an adequate consideration in money or moneys worth.
(2) Power to borrow without adequate interest or security 
A power exercisable by the grantor or a nonadverse party, or both, enables the grantor to borrow the corpus or income, directly or indirectly, without adequate interest or without adequate security except where a trustee (other than the grantor) is authorized under a general lending power to make loans to any person without regard to interest or security.
(3) Borrowing of the trust funds 
The grantor has directly or indirectly borrowed the corpus or income and has not completely repaid the loan, including any interest, before the beginning of the taxable year. The preceding sentence shall not apply to a loan which provides for adequate interest and adequate security, if such loan is made by a trustee other than the grantor and other than a related or subordinate trustee subservient to the grantor. For periods during which an individual is the spouse of the grantor (within the meaning of section 672 (e)(2)), any reference in this paragraph to the grantor shall be treated as including a reference to such individual.
(4) General powers of administration 
A power of administration is exercisable in a nonfiduciary capacity by any person without the approval or consent of any person in a fiduciary capacity. For purposes of this paragraph, the term power of administration means any one or more of the following powers:
(A)  a power to vote or direct the voting of stock or other securities of a corporation in which the holdings of the grantor and the trust are significant from the viewpoint of voting control;
(B)  a power to control the investment of the trust funds either by directing investments or reinvestments, or by vetoing proposed investments or reinvestments, to the extent that the trust funds consist of stocks or securities of corporations in which the holdings of the grantor and the trust are significant from the viewpoint of voting control; or
(C)  a power to reacquire the trust corpus by substituting other property of an equivalent value.

26 USC 676 - Power to revoke

(a) General rule 
The grantor shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust, whether or not he is treated as such owner under any other provision of this part, where at any time the power to revest in the grantor title to such portion is exercisable by the grantor or a non-adverse party, or both.
(b) Power affecting beneficial enjoyment only after occurrence of event 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to a power the exercise of which can only affect the beneficial enjoyment of the income for a period commencing after the occurrence of an event such that a grantor would not be treated as the owner under section 673 if the power were a reversionary interest. But the grantor may be treated as the owner after the occurrence of such event unless the power is relinquished.

26 USC 677 - Income for benefit of grantor

(a) General rule 
The grantor shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust, whether or not he is treated as such owner under section 674, whose income without the approval or consent of any adverse party is, or, in the discretion of the grantor or a nonadverse party, or both, may be
(1) distributed to the grantor or the grantors spouse;
(2) held or accumulated for future distribution to the grantor or the grantors spouse; or
(3) applied to the payment of premiums on policies of insurance on the life of the grantor or the grantors spouse (except policies of insurance irrevocably payable for a purpose specified in section 170 (c) (relating to definition of charitable contributions)).

This subsection shall not apply to a power the exercise of which can only affect the beneficial enjoyment of the income for a period commencing after the occurrence of an event such that the grantor would not be treated as the owner under section 673 if the power were a reversionary interest; but the grantor may be treated as the owner after the occurrence of the event unless the power is relinquished.

(b) Obligations of support 
Income of a trust shall not be considered taxable to the grantor under subsection (a) or any other provision of this chapter merely because such income in the discretion of another person, the trustee, or the grantor acting as trustee or co-trustee, may be applied or distributed for the support or maintenance of a beneficiary (other than the grantors spouse) whom the grantor is legally obligated to support or maintain, except to the extent that such income is so applied or distributed. In cases where the amounts so applied or distributed are paid out of corpus or out of other than income for the taxable year, such amounts shall be considered to be an amount paid or credited within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) and shall be taxed to the grantor under section 662.

26 USC 678 - Person other than grantor treated as substantial owner

(a) General rule 
A person other than the grantor shall be treated as the owner of any portion of a trust with respect to which:
(1) such person has a power exercisable solely by himself to vest the corpus or the income therefrom in himself, or
(2) such person has previously partially released or otherwise modified such a power and after the release or modification retains such control as would, within the principles of sections 671 to 677, inclusive, subject to grantor of a trust to treatment as the owner thereof.
(b) Exception where grantor is taxable 
Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to a power over income, as originally granted or thereafter modified, if the grantor of the trust or a transferor (to whom section 679 applies) is otherwise treated as the owner under the provisions of this subpart other than this section.
(c) Obligations of support 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to a power which enables such person, in the capacity of trustee or cotrustee, merely to apply the income of the trust to the support or maintenance of a person whom the holder of the power is obligated to support or maintain except to the extent that such income is so applied. In cases where the amounts so applied or distributed are paid out of corpus or out of other than income of the taxable year, such amounts shall be considered to be an amount paid or credited within the meaning of paragraph (2) of section 661 (a) and shall be taxed to the holder of the power under section 662.
(d) Effect of renunciation or disclaimer 
Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to a power which has been renounced or disclaimed within a reasonable time after the holder of the power first became aware of its existence.
(e) Cross reference 
For provision under which beneficiary of trust is treated as owner of the portion of the trust which consists of stock in an S corporation, see section 1361 (d).

26 USC 679 - Foreign trusts having one or more United States beneficiaries

(a) Transferor treated as owner 

(1) In general 
A United States person who directly or indirectly transfers property to a foreign trust (other than a trust described in section 6048 (a)(3)(B)(ii)) shall be treated as the owner for his taxable year of the portion of such trust attributable to such property if for such year there is a United States beneficiary of any portion of such trust.
(2) Exceptions 
Paragraph (1) shall not apply
(A) Transfers by reason of death 
To any transfer by reason of the death of the transferor.
(B) Transfers at fair market value 
To any transfer of property to a trust in exchange for consideration of at least the fair market value of the transferred property. For purposes of the preceding sentence, consideration other than cash shall be taken into account at its fair market value.
(3) Certain obligations not taken into account under fair market value exception 

(A) In general 
In determining whether paragraph (2)(B) applies to any transfer by a person described in clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (C), there shall not be taken into account
(i) except as provided in regulations, any obligation of a person described in subparagraph (C), and
(ii) to the extent provided in regulations, any obligation which is guaranteed by a person described in subparagraph (C).
(B) Treatment of principal payments on obligation 
Principal payments by the trust on any obligation referred to in subparagraph (A) shall be taken into account on and after the date of the payment in determining the portion of the trust attributable to the property transferred.
(C) Persons described 
The persons described in this subparagraph are
(i) the trust,
(ii) any grantor, owner, or beneficiary of the trust, and
(iii) any person who is related (within the meaning of section 643 (i)(2)(B)) to any grantor, owner, or beneficiary of the trust.
(4) Special rules applicable to foreign grantor who later becomes a United States person 

(A) In general 
If a nonresident alien individual has a residency starting date within 5 years after directly or indirectly transferring property to a foreign trust, this section and section 6048 shall be applied as if such individual transferred to such trust on the residency starting date an amount equal to the portion of such trust attributable to the property transferred by such individual to such trust in such transfer.
(B) Treatment of undistributed income 
For purposes of this section, undistributed net income for periods before such individuals residency starting date shall be taken into account in determining the portion of the trust which is attributable to property transferred by such individual to such trust but shall not otherwise be taken into account.
(C) Residency starting date 
For purposes of this paragraph, an individuals residency starting date is the residency starting date determined under section 7701 (b)(2)(A).
(5) Outbound trust migrations 
If
(A) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States transferred property to a trust which was not a foreign trust, and
(B) such trust becomes a foreign trust while such individual is alive,

then this section and section 6048 shall be applied as if such individual transferred to such trust on the date such trust becomes a foreign trust an amount equal to the portion of such trust attributable to the property previously transferred by such individual to such trust. A rule similar to the rule of paragraph (4)(B) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph.

(b) Trusts acquiring United States beneficiaries 
If
(1) subsection (a) applies to a trust for the transferors taxable year, and
(2) subsection (a) would have applied to the trust for his immediately preceding taxable year but for the fact that for such preceding taxable year there was no United States beneficiary for any portion of the trust,

then, for purposes of this subtitle, the transferor shall be treated as having income for the taxable year (in addition to his other income for such year) equal to the undistributed net income (at the close of such immediately preceding taxable year) attributable to the portion of the trust referred to in subsection (a).

(c) Trusts treated as having a United States beneficiary 

(1) In general 
For purposes of this section, a trust shall be treated as having a United States beneficiary for the taxable year unless
(A) under the terms of the trust, no part of the income or corpus of the trust may be paid or accumulated during the taxable year to or for the benefit of a United States person, and
(B) if the trust were terminated at any time during the taxable year, no part of the income or corpus of such trust could be paid to or for the benefit of a United States person.
(2) Attribution of ownership 
For purposes of paragraph (1), an amount shall be treated as paid or accumulated to or for the benefit of a United States person if such amount is paid to or accumulated for a foreign corporation, foreign partnership, or foreign trust or estate, and
(A) in the case of a foreign corporation, such corporation is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957 (a)),
(B) in the case of a foreign partnership, a United States person is a partner of such partnership, or
(C) in the case of a foreign trust or estate, such trust or estate has a United States beneficiary (within the meaning of paragraph (1)).
(3) Certain United States beneficiaries disregarded 
A beneficiary shall not be treated as a United States person in applying this section with respect to any transfer of property to foreign trust if such beneficiary first became a United States person more than 5 years after the date of such transfer.
(d) Regulations 
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.

Subpart F - Miscellaneous

26 USC 681 - Limitation on charitable deduction

(a) Trade or business income 
In computing the deduction allowable under section 642 (c) to a trust, no amount otherwise allowable under section 642 (c) as a deduction shall be allowed as a deduction with respect to income of the taxable year which is allocable to its unrelated business income for such year. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term unrelated business income means an amount equal to the amount which, if such trust were exempt from tax under section 501 (a) by reason of section 501 (c)(3), would be computed as its unrelated business taxable income under section 512 (relating to income derived from certain business activities and from certain property acquired with borrowed funds).
(b) Cross reference 
For disallowance of certain charitable, etc., deductions otherwise allowable under section 642 (c), see sections 508 (d) and 4948 (c)(4).

26 USC 682 - Income of an estate or trust in case of divorce, etc.

(a) Inclusion in gross income of wife 
There shall be included in the gross income of a wife who is divorced or legally separated under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance (or who is separated from her husband under a written separation agreement) the amount of the income of any trust which such wife is entitled to receive and which, except for this section, would be includible in the gross income of her husband, and such amount shall not, despite any other provision of this subtitle, be includible in the gross income of such husband. This subsection shall not apply to that part of any such income of the trust which the terms of the decree, written separation agreement, or trust instrument fix, in terms of an amount of money or a portion of such income, as a sum which is payable for the support of minor children of such husband. In case such income is less than the amount specified in the decree, agreement, or instrument, for the purpose of applying the preceding sentence, such income, to the extent of such sum payable for such support, shall be considered a payment for such support.
(b) Wife considered a beneficiary 
For purposes of computing the taxable income of the estate or trust and the taxable income of a wife to whom subsection (a) applies, such wife shall be considered as the beneficiary specified in this part.
(c) Cross reference 
For definitions of husband and wife, as used in this section, see section 7701 (a)(17).

26 USC 683 - Use of trust as an exchange fund

(a) General rule 
Except as provided in subsection (b), if property is transferred to a trust in exchange for an interest in other trust property and if the trust would be an investment company (within the meaning of section 351) if it were a corporation, then gain shall be recognized to the transferor.
(b) Exception for pooled income funds 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to any transfer to a pooled income fund (within the meaning of section 642 (c)(5)).

26 USC 684 - Recognition of gain on certain transfers to certain foreign trusts and estates

(a) In general 
Except as provided in regulations, in the case of any transfer of property by a United States person to a foreign estate or trust, for purposes of this subtitle, such transfer shall be treated as a sale or exchange for an amount equal to the fair market value of the property transferred, and the transferor shall recognize as gain the excess of
(1) the fair market value of the property so transferred, over
(2) the adjusted basis (for purposes of determining gain) of such property in the hands of the transferor.
(b) Exception 
Subsection (a) shall not apply to a transfer to a trust by a United States person to the extent that any person is treated as the owner of such trust under section 671.
(c) Treatment of trusts which become foreign trusts 
If a trust which is not a foreign trust becomes a foreign trust, such trust shall be treated for purposes of this section as having transferred, immediately before becoming a foreign trust, all of its assets to a foreign trust.

26 USC 685 - Treatment of funeral trusts

(a) In general 
In the case of a qualified funeral trust
(1) subparts B, C, D, and E shall not apply, and
(2) no deduction shall be allowed by section 642 (b).
(b) Qualified funeral trust 
For purposes of this subsection, the term qualified funeral trust means any trust (other than a foreign trust) if
(1) the trust arises as a result of a contract with a person engaged in the trade or business of providing funeral or burial services or property necessary to provide such services,
(2) the sole purpose of the trust is to hold, invest, and reinvest funds in the trust and to use such funds solely to make payments for such services or property for the benefit of the beneficiaries of the trust,
(3) the only beneficiaries of such trust are individuals with respect to whom such services or property are to be provided at their death under contracts described in paragraph (1),
(4) the only contributions to the trust are contributions by or for the benefit of such beneficiaries,
(5) the trustee elects the application of this subsection, and
(6) the trust would (but for the election described in paragraph (5)) be treated as owned under subpart E by the purchasers of the contracts described in paragraph (1).

A trust shall not fail to be treated as meeting the requirement of paragraph (6) by reason of the death of an individual but only during the 60-day period beginning on the date of such death.

(c) Dollar limitation on contributions 

(1) In general 
The term qualified funeral trust shall not include any trust which accepts aggregate contributions by or for the benefit of an individual in excess of $7,000.
(2) Related trusts 
For purposes of paragraph (1), all trusts having trustees which are related persons shall be treated as 1 trust. For purposes of the preceding sentence, persons are related if
(A) the relationship between such persons is described in section 267 or 707 (b),
(B) such persons are treated as a single employer under subsection (a) or (b) of section 52, or
(C) the Secretary determines that treating such persons as related is necessary to prevent avoidance of the purposes of this section.
(3) Inflation adjustment 
In the case of any contract referred to in subsection (b)(1) which is entered into during any calendar year after 1998, the dollar amount referred to paragraph (1) shall be increased by an amount equal to
(A) such dollar amount, multiplied by
(B) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1 (f)(3) for such calendar year, by substituting calendar year 1997 for calendar year 1992 in subparagraph (B) thereof.

If any dollar amount after being increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $100, such dollar amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $100.

(d) Application of rate schedule 
Section 1 (e) shall be applied to each qualified funeral trust by treating each beneficiarys interest in each such trust as a separate trust.
(e) Treatment of amounts refunded to purchaser on cancellation 
No gain or loss shall be recognized to a purchaser of a contract described in subsection (b)(1) by reason of any payment from such trust to such purchaser by reason of cancellation of such contract. If any payment referred to in the preceding sentence consists of property other than money, the basis of such property in the hands of such purchaser shall be the same as the trusts basis in such property immediately before the payment.
(f) Simplified reporting 
The Secretary may prescribe rules for simplified reporting of all trusts having a single trustee and of trusts terminated during the year.