HAWGOOD & AVER'f TRANSIT CO. V. DINGMAN.
1011
By substantially repeating his original process, ,he reip.fi>rcedhi8 mantle so that it might the better withstand the strains to which, it '. might be subjected while in use. He had no intention thereby to protect such mantle, and there is not a scintilla of evidence to show that he did by such process in fact protect his mantle, against the rough handling of transportation. Subsequent to the dates oftbese early patents, he refers to his mantle as too fragile to contact with hard substances. That he himself regarded the two processes as involving different inventions is apparent from the history of the abandoned for United States patent, which he made with Haitinger, :March 31, 1888. In this both processes are described separately, and separately claimed. The process of strengthening by dipping in a very dilute solution of caoutchouc, collodion, and the like, etc., was rejected upon the Rawsons' English patent. There:" upon the application was abandoned, and Welsbach subsequently applied for and obtained United States patent for his prOcess of re-enforcement by re-imwersion in his original solution. The new patents therefore do notimpair in any way the soundness of Judge Townsend's· conclusion as to the novelty and meritoriousness of the patent. The s'Qggestion of lack of utility is wholly without weight. If the "soft man.tles"-,.that is, mantles from which the cotton has not been burned out-are quite as convenient for distribution and use as those which have been treated according to the process of the patent, defendant may freely use them. But the exhibition on the argument inclines the court to the opInion that the consumer is likely to prefer the improved article. Defendant has introduced four affidavits to show prior use at the laboratory of one Oharles M. Lungren. Lungren himself, however, in an answering affidavit, fixes the date (by reference to the formation of the Lungren Incandescent Gas Light Company) too late to affect the validity of the patent. Accepting the conclusion in the Sunlight Case thaf the patentees are entitled to a libe1'il.1 application of the doctrine of equivalents, it is unnecessary to discuss the question of infringement. The solution of the defendant in this case is substantially the same as in the Sunlight Case (collodion and castor oil), with a slight admixture of water. Preliminary injunction may issue.
HAWGOOD & AVERY TRANSIT 00. v. DINGMAN et al. BARRY TOWING & WRECKING CO. et al. v. INTER-QCEAN COAL & COKE CO. et al.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Eigbth Circuit. May 9, 1899.) Nos. .l,149, 1. MARITIME LIEN-SUIT TO ENFORCE-EFFECT OF RELEASE ON HaND.
A release to a claimant under an appraisal and stipulation or bond, not made under tbe limited liability act, of, a part of tbe res seized under a libel in admiralty bas the same effect upon tbe liens upon the part released that a discbarge of tbe entire res under a like appraisal and stipulation or bond woUld bave bad upon the liens upon the wbole thing, which
1012
94 FEPERAL REPORTER.
Is. to discharge the liens of those were parties to the proceeding when the release was made, but no othel'll: . . An Intervener In a suit to enforce liens against a vessel, who claims own- , ership of a part of the property libeled, and obtains its release on ap-· praisal and bond, cannot, by subsequently setting up a claim to a lien in his own behalf, become entitled to share in the proceeds of the bond and the remaining property. ' . 8. 8AlIIE"-'.NECESStItY OF CROSS LIBEL.' Respondentsiti a suit to enforce maritime liens are required to file cross libels, to take out process, and ha.'Veit served in the usual way, if they have liens which they wish to enforce,. ,and cannot oj}tain such relief by merely pleading their claims in their answers. _ INCONSISTgNT CLAIMS.
'Appeals from the District Oourt of the United States for the District of Minnesota.' ' t
Tllese .are appeals from tWQ ,decrees· in adwiralty rendered in proceedings against tile steamer Belle P" Cross. On December 14, 1896, Gustave' HermanLRaJph E. Herman, and Edward G. ASllley filed a libel In 'the court below against this steamer, her engine, boilers, tackle, appll.J:'el, and furniture. This libel was in the usual form, except that it c0I!-tainedan allegation that, after. the supplies on account of which it was' filed had been furnished, the owner of the vessel had taken her engine, boilers, ahd machinery out of her hUll, and had placed them in the steam tug G. A. Tomlinson. A monition issued on the I1bel, and the marsb.al arrested the hull of the Belle P. Cross, and also her engine, boilers, and machinery, which he. found in the G. A. Tomlinson. On :vfarch 8, 1897, the appellant the Hawgood & Avery Transit Company petitioned the court for an appraisal olthe ,engine, boilers, and machinery in the Tomlinson. An appraiser was' appointed, and an appraisal thereof was made pursuant to a stipulation signed by the transit company, and all those who had then flIed libels against the steamer Belle P. Cross or its engine, boilers,and machinery. This stipulation recited that it was made "for the purpose of 'fixing a value thereto, and to enable said property to 'be released under the provisi'ons of rule 17 of this court and the statute in such case made and provIded," The appraiser fixed the value of the engine, boilers, and machil1ery at $2,000. The transit. company executed and filed" a bond. for this llmount for the benefit of "whom it may concern," conditioned that if. that company should abide by all the orders of the court, and pay the amount, awarded by the final decree,' the bond should be void. Upon the filing of this bond, and on March 10, 1897, the engine, boilers, and machinery were released and surrendered to the transit company pursuant to an order of the court to that effect. But the hull of the steamer Belle P. Cross remained in the possession of the marshal. After this release, and on April 3, 1897, the Inter-Ocean Coal & Coke Company filed an intervening libel against the Belle P. Cross alid her boilers, engine, and machin. ery, and caused the engine, boilers, and machinery to be again arrested in the tug Tomlinson under a monition issued upon this libel. On September 4, 1697, the Barry Towing & Wrecking Company, which had succeeded .to the title' of the transit company, filed a claim for this engine, these boilers, and this machinery, and gave a bond in the sum of $2,329.66 to R. T. O'Connor, the marshal of the district, which recited the filing of the intervening libel and the seizure of the engine, boilers, and machinery thereunder, and was conditioned that the wrecking com]Jany should abide by and perform the decree of the court in relation to the claim of the coal and coke company. On September 11, 1895, the wrecking company filed an answer to the intervening libel, in which it set forth the prior proceedings, which we have detailed, alleged that it bought the engine, boilers, and machinery for value, and with-' out.notice, on' April 1, 1897, that it 'Was the owner thereof,and that ,the release of March 10, 1897, this property from all maritime liens. Meanwhile· the hull of the··steamer Belle P. Cross had, been consold, a.nd the the sale,
HAWGOOD &: AVERY TRANSIT CO. V. DINGMAN.
1013
bad been paid into the registry of the court. Upon the final hearing the court below entered two decrees, one to the effect that the money in the registry of the court and the proceeds of the bond of the transit company of March 4, 1897, should be distributed among those who had filed their lIbels prior to March 10, 1897, and the other to the effect that N. J. Trodo, who had become the assignee of the coal and coke company, should have summary judgment for $1,333.53 and interest, the amount of that company's claim, against the Barry Towing & Wrecking Company and the sureties upon its bond of September 4, 1897. From these decrees the transit company and the wrecking company have appealed.
Harve)' D. Goulder (F. E. Searle and H. R Spencer, on the brief), for appellants. Isaac N. Huntsberger and Roger M. Lee (John H. Norton and Francis W. Sullivan, on the brief), for appellees. Before CALDWELL, SANBORN, and THAYER, Circuit Judges. SANBORN, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court. The questions presented in this case turn upon the legal effect of the discharge of the engine, boilers, and machinery upon the appraisa1 and bond on March 10, 1897. If that discharge released this propert)' from the maritime liens of those who had not then filed their libels in the court below, the decrees were erroneous; but if it left these liens unimpaired, and discharged the property from the liens of those who were then parties to the proceedings only, they were right. The theory of the appellants is that the bond of March. 4, 1897, became a substitute for the engine, boilers, and machinery as to all who claimed maritime liens upon this property, whether they had presented their liens in the court below or not when the bond was given and the machineI')' was released. Upon this theory they insist that the court erred in refusing to include the Inter-Ocean Cool & Coke Company, or its assignee, and the Hawgood & Avery Transit Oompany, among the distributees of the proceeds of that bond, although neither of them had filed an)' libel against or pleaded any lien upon the machinery or the vessel when this bond was given, and they contend that the seizure of the machinery under the subsequent libel of the coal and coke company and the decree that the wrecking company and the sureties on its bond shall pay the claim of that company are erroneous, because, as they say, the machinery was discharged of aU maritime liens by the substitution of the earlier bond in its place on March 10, 1897. When a ship which has been arrested under a libel is released upon an appraisal and a deposit, or a bond, or a stipulation, not given under the limited liability act, the deposit or bond or stipulation is substituted for the vessel as to all those who have then filed their libels and become parties to the proceeding, but as to no other parties. The proceeds of the deposit, bond, or stipulation inure to the benefit of those who were parties to the proceeding when the release was made. But the)' inure to the benefit of no others. The vessel is discharged from the liens of these parties, and from their liens onl)'. Lienholders who have not filed their libels, and have not become parties to the proceeding when the ship is discharged, may not be permitted to share in the
1014' I
/,
j"t.
9'4
FlDDE11AL j
dePosit, or bond ' 'are" neither'detached'uor affected:by,thereloose'i mhe vessel returns tl* thE;\ the mal'itimelierls,'of aU"who werE! not' par·· and' they libel h.er toenfQ,l'j:e their t9 ih'e extent and with. the same effeet as had never been seized before. &v;, St.'§§!940, 941; 'Adm. Rules,' 11, 26jThe Langdon Cheves,'2 Mason, 58, Fed. Cas. No. Fed. Cas. No. 14;346;/Illie Antelope, lEan. 521, Fed. Cas. No. 481; The Raytian Republic, 57 Fed. 508, 509; ld., 154 U. S. 118, 14 Sup. Gt.992;The S. 186, 158up;Ot. :804;, If the trapsit company in the case at bar had claimed both .the hull and the machinery of the, steamer,.Wd had procured, the: given. the bond for the entire res, and the veSsel a:tid 'machin'ery had bOth been discharged thereunder, the right of the coal and coke company to subsequently libelhel"'and to enforcEdts lien by seizure',·and sale of every part of the and of the machinery could, hot have been successfully questiolledunder :these authorities. rt'he 'reasonfOi' this rule is that the,n'l:'mtime lien of that had attached to every part of tM' 'shripand to every part' of her,macllinerybefore any libel was filed' her,and the acts of thirdiipllrtiesinseizing her and releasi,ng lier on an' appraisal ,and bond: 'could not affect the right and lien of this company in itBliabsence; a:nC'.> witHout its consent. On this grou'ndal} the authorities aretMt; if the entire thing had been libeled and 'discharged here, the .lien of the coa,I and coke company liavel'emained untouched.. How, then, could a discharge of a part ofthis thing have a greater effect than the release of the whole? Every reason which tendstd support'!the lien .of. the absent holder when the entire thing i.s diScharged'pleads with equal for its mainteIlltnce when only apart is released. The lien attaches to every-part asmlich as tOthewhoIe.If· one-half"two-thil'ds, or any othe.r 'pOrtion of: the res. is destroyed, the maritiIlle lien still adheres to theI'ffilnaIit that haS escaped, and no persuasive reason occurs to us why it should not hollI as firtnlt:every part which has beenreleased f1'6rn a seizure made: by strangers to pay their debts. Any other rule would permit the first libelants and the owner to destroy the value of the liens ()f'flll 6therS' by an appraisal and discharge of the 'Valuable pal't of the thing seized, leaving, as in this case, nothing but' aw6rthless remnant for their satisfaction. Every consideration of reason and of equity demands that the same rule shOUld apply to a discharge of a part which governs thereIease of the whole. Our conclusion is that a release to a claimant under an appraisal and stipulation or bond, not made' under the limited liability act, of a part of the res seized under a libel in admiralty, has the same effect upon the liens upon the partreleased thafadischarge of the entire res under a li.ke ap:praisal and stipulation orbohd would have had upon the liens upon' th:e whole thing. 'The result '()f this conclusion is that there Wa.,S110 error in th,e of the C611rt ,below. The coal and coke conipany was not entitled to share' in. the distribution of the proceeds ()f the bond given: by the transit'et>mpany on March 1897, as' the clahnant of the engiile, boilers, ahid: machinery, becanseit had not I i
HAWGOOD & AVERY TRANSIT CO. V. DINGMAN.
1015
filed its libel when they were discharged. under that bond. The transit company had no right to share in the proceeds of that bond as the assignee of the maritime lien of the Phenix Iron 'Yorks, because it had not filed any libel to enforce that lien, nor had it pleaded the same, or made any claim upon it in any way, when the engine, boilers, and machinery were discharged undel" that bond on Mal"ch 10,1897. The course of the tl"ansit company was this: It appeared on Mal"ch 5, 1897, and filed a claim fOI" the engine, boilers, and machinery, in which it alleged that it was the ownel" thereof. On March 6, 1897, it filed a petition for leave to intel"vene, in which it pleaded that it had an interest in the vessel by reason of a mortgage. But it was not until May 8, 1897, that it first presented to the court below the claim that it had a maritime lien which it had derived from the Phenix Iron 'Yorks. The engine, boilers, and machinery had then been dischal"ged undel" the bond of March 4, 1897, and it was too late for the transit company to present a claim to share with the libelants who were parties to the cause on March 10, 1897, in the proceeds of a bond which they had secured for theil" own benefit. Not only this, but the transit company was prevented from asserting such a claim as against those libelants by the fact that it had induced them to accept its bond, and to I"eturn to it the engine, boilers, and machinery, by its silence regarding the maritime lien it now urges, and by its positive averment in its claim to the propelty that it was the owner of it. Ohase v. Drivel", 92 Fed. 780. Moreover, the transit company did no·t present its claim to enforce this maritime lien in a libel 01" a cross libel. It merely pleaded it in its answel". When the machinery was released by the order of March 10, 1897, it undoubtedly went back to this company, subject to all the madtime lienS that had not been presented to the court below before the property was discharged; . That company might ,have filed a libel or a cross libel, and it might have caused this macpinery to bearrested· upon the maritime lien it now presses. But it could not have acquired any right to enforce iliat lien, or to share in the distribution of the proceeds of the engine, boilers, and machinery, or in the proceeds ofa bond or a stipulation taken for them by other parties, by simply setting it forth in its answer. Respondents in a libel suit are required to file a cross libel, to take out process, and have it served in the usual way, if they have maritime liens which they desire to enforce. Wardv. Chamberlain,21 How. 572, 574. The coal and coke company pursued the proper and legal course to enforce its lien. After the machinery had been released from the liens of all the libelants who had appeared in court before March 10, 1897, it caused the engine, boilers, and machinery to be arrested upon a monition issued upon a libel against the ship and its machinery, which it filed sub' sequent to that date. The decree of the court below that its lien existed, and that the wrecking company and its sureties were liable upon the bond which they gave to abide by and perform the decree upon this libel, was in accordance with the rules and principles of law to which we have referred, and both the decrees below must be affirmed. It is so ordered.
1016
94 ,FE<DERAL REPORTER.
,
THE HAXBY. June 27, 1899.)
(District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania.
No.io. ADMIltALTY JURISDICTION..,...SUIT FOR lNJunY TO PIER,
A "pier," In the ordinary land,and Is to be treated as for an injury to a pier by a any qualifying adjective, is miralty.
meaning of the word, is a projection of the land for purposes of jurisdiction; hence a suit vessel, where the libel uses the word without not within the jurisdiction of a court of ad-
In Admiralty. On exceptions to libel. John G. Johnson, for libelant. Convers & Kirlin, for respondent.
McPHERSON, District Judge. This is an in rem, to enforce a maritime lien. The libelant avers that the steamship was so negligently managed that she crashed into and injured a "pier" in the navigable waters of the Delaware river, thereby doing the damage complained of.' The exceptions raise the question whether the case is. within the admiralty jurisdiction; the point being whether the pier is to be regarded ll$ land or as water. It is unnecessary to cite authorities in support of the proposition that the jurisdiction of admiralty to redress a tort depends upon the point in space where the injury was done. In the case now before the court the injury was done to a pier, and the only matter for consideration is whether or not this structure is, for the present purpose, a part of the land. In the sense in which the word is used in the libel, I have no doubt that it means a pa.rt of the land. The Century Dictionary defines a pier to be "a projecting quay,wharf, or other landing place"; and, without some qualifying, adjective, this is the ordinary meaning of the word. It may be 8isolid stone structure,or an outer shell of stone or wood filled in with earth; or it may be a framework formed by fastening a platform of planks upon piles driven into the soil at the bottom of the water. In either event, it is .a projection of the .land, and for purposes of jurisdiction it should be so treated. It is conceivable, of course, that a pier might also be built to ft.oat upon the surface of the water; but it is then a ft.oatingpier, and needs the adjective before the description is complete. In the case now in controversy, it is not denied that the pier was an immovable, and not a ft.oating, structure. It seems clear to me, therefore, that in legal contemplation it was land, and that the injury sued for must be redressed by the common law, and not by the admiralty. The exceptions are sustained, and the libel is dismissed.