336

87 FEDERAL REPORTER.

second claim had be,EJnso long in common, use in other articles as to be familiar to everybodJ, and that the advantages of making the corners round'were well understood bJ every artisan, the adoption of that form into the consh'uction of thin metallic plates for panels in ceiling's involved invention. It is earnestlJ insisted that there is evidence that it did in the fact that no one else appears to have thought of it before Kinnear, but this iaa suggtstion which is applicable toeveq step in the progress of the arts and to the production of everJ new thing. Long practice and observation naturallJ lead those familiar with the arts to the perception ,of new adaptations. Mechanical. education and skill, fostered and promoted bJ the public, are rapidly advancing in everJ direction, and there is a constant and universal endeavor in handicraft to utilize that which is known, and press it into service in the practical arts. But the steps of this normal progreSfl:a,nd improvement are not invention, nor the subject of monopolJ to who, in the exercise of the "skill of his calling," has put· an old thing to a new use. It does not seem to us possible that the substitution of rounded corners in these panel plates for the sharp angles of the old construction referred to by Kinnear in the extract above quoted from his specification is indicative of anything more than the exercise of the common skill and judgment of those trained in the art to which the subject relates. Kinnear, in his specification, after stating the objects of his invention, saJs: "It consists in cons>tructing the panels so that the sharp angles at the corners, which weaken the metal, ,and, render it liable to breakage at those points, both in the manufacture and by the change of temperature, are avoided." And this, so far as it is involved in the second claim, is all that there is of his invention, for it was not new to make the panels of continuous sheets, with margins raised above the body by a connecting portion. It is suggested in the opinion of the court below that the continuous sheets of the Kinnear patent are not the same as the continuolls sheets of the Northrop patent, but the "continuous sheets" are not more particularly described and mean no more than that theJare one sheet, ulld not made up of parts. The panels of the Northrop natent, as weU as those of Adler, conform to this description. For the reasons we have g-iven, we think the improvement embodied in the second claim does not constitute a pat· entable invention, The decree below must be reversed, and the case remanded, with directions to dismiss the bill, with the costs of both courts.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING CO. v. MUSTARD.

(Circuit Coul't, E. D. Pennsylvania.

No. 23.

PATENTS-EsTOPPEL-Cnoss BILL ANI) INJUNCTION.

April 7, 1898.)

In an infringement suit, defendant asked leave to amend his answer so as to set up that ,plaIntiff was then engaged In prosecuting applications and interferences· in the patent otflce, whereIn It sought to procure patents <-,overing the same subject-matter as the patent sued on, and was as-

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURIKG CO. V. MUSTARD.

337

sertlng dates of invention earIler than that of the latter patent, whereby, It claimed, plaintiff was estopped from further prosecuting the suit. It therefore asked that proceedings be immediately stayed, that defendant have leave to file a cross bill founded on these averments, and praying an Injunction against the further prosecution of the suit pending the Interference referred to. Held that, while an amendment of the answer might be allowed, the court hail no power to stay the proceedings or award an injunction on such a cross bill.

This was a suit in equity b;y the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company against John Mustard for alleged infringement of a patent. The cause was heard upon an application by defendant for leave to amend his answer, and for a stay of proceedings, and leave to file a cross bill praying an injunction against the further prosecution of the suit. Kerr, Curtis & Page, A. Parkes Smith, and Oharles A. Terry, for complainant. W. H. Staake, A. C. Fowler, and Jos. C. Fraley, for defendant. DALLAS, Circuit Judge. The defendant has moved for leave to amend his answer by adding thereto a paragraph as follows:
"(13) Further answering upon Information and beIlef, this defendant alleges that this complainant, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, or persons or corporations who own or control It, and to whose acts in the premises this complainant Is privy, was at the time of the institution of this suit, and Is now, the assignee and sole owner of, and as such was and is actively prosecuting, an application or applications for letters patent of the United States filed by applicants other than the said Rankin Kennedy, which application contains claims covering substantially the same subject-matter as is· claimed In the reissued letters patent, No. 11,031, In said bill mentioned, and that the said application or applications, if allowed, will result In the' grant of letters patent of the United States to the complainant, patenting and monopolizing substantially the same subject-matter as that which Is patented In said reissued letters patent. And this defendant further avers that, In the matter of said applications, Interferences have been declared In the United States patent office between said claims thereof and other pending appIlcations, and that In said Interferences the complainant has been and Is asserting dates of Invention on the part of applicant or applicants by whom said applications were respectively filed long prior to the alleged date of invention by the said Rankin Kennedy of the subject-matter patented In said reissued letters patent; and, by the assertion of such prior date or dates of Invention on behalf of such applicant or applicants, the complainant Is endeavoring to Induce a grant of letters patent In derogation of, and absolutely contradictory to, the assertion of title under the said reissued letters patent, for the purpose. and, If successful, with the result, of establishing a new monopoly of such subject-matter, for the benefit of the complainant, for a further period of seventeen years from the date at which said patent or patents may hereafter be granted. And, further, this defendant avers that the complainant has entered into a combination with persons or corporations owning or controlling certain of the o.ther applications, which have been placed In Interference with the applications so 3S aforesaid owned and controlled by It, the general Intent and purpose of which agreement Is that, to whatsoever person or persons priority shall be awarded in said Interference proceedings, the patent or patents which shall be granted thereon shall be jointly enjoyed and owned by the parties to said agreement, InclUding the cOIDplainant. And this defendant appends in a schedule annexed hereto, marked 'Exhibit Interference Schedule,' a staterpent of the Issues In said Interferences, and of the parties thereto. and of the pel'sons or corporations in whom the title to the said Interference app}j. cations is vested; and It avers that the said persons or corporations designated
87F.-22

338

87

FEDERALREPCilRTER.:.":

",'f

In said sehedule as the !complalnant or its privies,' and 'General Elleetrle Company,'are ·the parties to the whereby the patents, when granted, are, to be enjoyed in common.' 'And, further answering, this defendan.t avers that the aforesaid acts of the complainant are collusive, and that whether, as the result of the said; in·terference proceedings, patents shall be granted to. the applicants whose applications are directly. vested in the complainant, or whether the patents for ealdsubject-mattershall.be granted to the other applicants mentioned In said schedule, .audowned and controlled by the General Electric Company, the said complainant will become clothed with the benefits of title thereunder, and IS.privy to the' assertloIl;, of title, not only on behalf of applicants, the title to whose applications appears of record to be vested In complalnant,butalso on 'behB1f of the, said other applicants; and this defendant therefore avers tharby'endeavorlng tu Induee such grant or grants, and by Its other acts In the,premlses, the complainant is estopped from asserting priority of claims onbeha:lfof Rankin Kennedy to the SUbject-matter claimed In said reissued letters patent, and ought not to be permitted to assert the title of said Rankin Kennedy In the premises. And, further answering, this defendant avers that, for the purpose of obtaining the grant of letters patent for such subject-matter to some one or more of the applicants In said interference proceedings, said complainant has knowIngly and'intentionally withheld any assertion of title or any claIm of priority on behalf of the said Rankin E:ennedy to such SUbject-matter In the aforesaid Interference proceedings; and this defendant avers that by so withholding said claims of priority on behalf of the said Rankin Kennedy, which, If well founded, would defeat the said applications, and the grant of patents thereon for the said subjectmatter, the complainant has admitted that the said Rankin Kennedy was not the original and first Inventor of the SUbject-matter patented in said reissued letters patent; and this defendant avers that, by reason of the aforesaid admission that the said Rankin Kennedy Is not tbeoriglnal and first inventor of the subject-matter, it Is Inequitable for the complainant to assert against this defendant any claim or title under the said reissued letters patent, as the assignee of the said Rankin Kennedy."

This proposed amendment avers that the plaintiff, by reason of the Ipatters therein alleged, is estopped from asserting priority of claim on behalf of Rankin Kennedy to the subject·matter claimed in the reissued letters. patent sued on, and has admitted that the said Rankin Kennedy was not the original and first inventor of the subjectmatter patented in said reissued letters patent. With respect to averments of estoppel and' admission, T at present perceive no reason for doubting that any ,relevant and .competent evidence defendant may be given under the answer as it stands; but, if shall be advised that it requires ame-ndment to this end. the order now to be made will not preclude him from moving the court with that object. The purpose now avowed and sought to be attained, however, is quite different. It is not only asked that the amendment shall be allowed, but also that, upon the filing thereof, all proand that the qefendant shall ceedings in the case shall be have leave to file a cross biIlfounded upon the averments contained in the proposed amendment, and praying for an injunction to restrain the complainant from fUrther prosecuting this suit during the pendency of tb.e. interference to, and the#eafter until such time as the question of priority between the alleged invention of Rankin Kennedy and of the inventor to whom priority shall be awarded in the' said interference proceedings shl;lll have been determined. No authority has been cited, and I believe none can be found, which would support such an order. If, as I have said, the defendant can prove any relevant admission or any state of facts to

UNITED STATES REPAIR &; GUARANTY CO. V. STANDARD PAVING CO.

339

establish an estoppel, this may be done by way of defense; but the stay of proceedings, which is the gist of the present application, could not, in my opinion, be now ordered, or be awarded upon a cross bill, without an unwarranted exercise of power by the court, and an undue extension of the office of such a bill. Stonemetz Printers' Mach. Co. v. Brown Folding Mach. 00., 46 Fed. 851. The amendments proposed to be made to paragraph 11 have not been objected to. They are allowed. The motion for leave to add an additionill paragraph, to be marked "13," and for an order to stay proceedings, and for leave to file a cross bill, is denied. .

UNITED STATES REPAIR & GUARANTY CO. et aI. v. STANDARD PAVING CO. (Circuit Court, N. D. New York. May 5, 1898.)

1. PATENTS-ANTICIPATION-METHOD OF REPAIRING ASPHALT PAVEMENTS.
   

The Perkins patent, No. 501,537, for an improvement in the method ot repairing asphalt pavements, consisting in subjecting the spot to be repaired to heat until the material Is softened, then adding new material, and smoothing and burnishing it, was anticipated by the Crochet French patent of June 11, 1880, which describes substantially the same method. ment at a spot to be repaired, and that rock asphalt and bitumen pavements could be mended by heating the top layer, removing the material with a notched hoe, then adding new material, and tamping in the ordinary way, there was no invention In applying this method to the repair of Trinidad asphalt pavements.

2. SAME-INVENTION. It being known that heat may be used to soften a Trinidad asphalt pave-

This was a suit in equity by the United States Repair & Guaranty Company and others against the Standard Paving Company for alleged infringement of a patent. E. N. Dickerson, for complainants. William Macomber and Tracy C. Becker, for defendant. COXE, District Judge. This is an equity action for the infringement of letters patent No. 501,537, granted July 18, 1893, to Amos H. Perkins for an improvement in the method of repairing asphalt pavements. The specification states that prior to March 8, 1893, the date of the application, it was customary to dig out with a pick the surface material around the spot to be repaired, sometimes applying heat to soften the material. The depression thus made was thoroughly cleaned and given a coat of tar. New material in a heated state was placed in this depression and was ironed and smoothed in the usual manner, the tar acting as a solder to hold the new material in place. The joint between the old material and the new was· plainly visible and sometimes formed a ridge. By reason of frost or other causes the new block of material was frequently torn I06se from its soldered connection. After stating the objeotions to the old method the patentee proceeds: