Compass Bank appeals the dismissal of its complaint against King, Griffin & Adamson, P.C. and Lawrence King. It also moves this Court to certify the following question to the Texas Supreme Court: whether Texas uses an actual knowledge test or a foreseeability requirement for negligent misrepresentation claims against accountants. Compare RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 522 (1977) (requiring actual knowledge), with Blue Bell v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., 715 S.W.2d 408 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (requiring foreseeability). While certifying the question would be "determinative" in the sense that it would resolve the case, "we do not use certification as a panacea for resolution of those complex or difficult state law questions which have not been answered by the highest court of the state." Patterson v. Mobil Oil Corp., 335 F.3d 476, 487 (5th Cir.2003) (quoting Free v. Abbott Labs., Inc., 164 F.3d 270, 274 (5th Cir.1999)). In light of the recent decision in Tara Capital Partners I, L.P. v. Deloitte & Touche, L.L.P., No. 05-03-00746-CV, 2004 WL 1119947 (Tex.App.—Dallas May 20, 2004), and the cogent and sound arguments of the district court, Compass Bank v. King Griffin & Adamson P.C., 2003 WL 22077721, at *2-4 (N.D.Tex.2003), we are persuaded that the Restatement's actual knowledge standard applies to accountants in Texas. As a consequence, we deny the motion for certification.1

For those same reasons, the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.

I respectfully dissent from the denial of Compass Bank's motion to certify the question of whether Texas uses an actual knowledge test or a foreseeability test for negligent misrepresentation claims against accountants. The Texas Supreme Court in McCamish, Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. F.E. Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787 (Tex.1999), held that attorneys could be subject to a negligent misrepresentation claim under Section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts with no requirement of privity. Id. at 795. The court stated that "a section 552 cause of action is available only when information is transferred by an attorney to a known party for a known purpose." Id. at 794. Thus, the court applied the actual knowledge test to attorney negligent misrepresentation cases.

The main case which Compass Bank relies on for its assertion that foreseeability is the proper standard to use for accountant negligent misrepresentation cases, Blue Bell v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., 715 S.W.2d 408, 412 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.), strongly approved of a limited foreseeability test for accountants:

To allow liability to turn on the fortuitous occurrence that the accountant's client specifically mentions a person or class of persons who are to receive the reports, when the accountant may have that same knowledge as a matter of business practice, is too tenuous a distinction for us to adopt as a rule of law. Instead, we hold that if ... an accountant preparing audited financial statements knows or should know that such statements will be relied upon by a limited class of persons, the accountant may be liable for injuries to members of that class relying on his certification of the audited reports.

Id. at 412. This Court has also previously acknowledged that Blue Bell's holding indicates that "Texas law is indeed less restrictive than the Restatement." Scottish Heritable Trust, PLC v. Peat Marwick Main & Co., 81 F.3d 606, 614 (5th Cir. 1996) (noting "actual knowledge of a particular plaintiff ... is not necessary if the defendant [accountant] should have had this knowledge").1 However, as sure as the majority feels the Texas Supreme Court would apply the more restrictive actual knowledge standard to accountants, I note that at least one federal district court has gone the other way. In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litig., 284 F.Supp.2d 511, 646 (S.D.Tex. 2003) ("Texas courts have expanded the parameters of the tort of negligent misrepresentation in § 552 to include not only those that the defendant actually knows will receive the misrepresentation, but to those the accountant should know will receive it.") (citing Blue Bell, 715 S.W.2d at 411-13).

Because this Court has the sound discretion to certify questions, Patterson v. Mobil Oil Corp., 335 F.3d 476, 487 (5th Cir. 2003), and in my judgment there is not sufficient controlling guidance from the Texas Supreme Court in McCamish, I would certify this question. In my view, certifying the question to a state supreme court is a preferable course of action to our trying to make an Erie guess as to the question of state law involved.