608
"
FEDERAL REPORTER.
At Law. G. M. Stewart, for plaintiff. BREWER, J., (orally.) In these·cases a default is asked. The petition alleges that the defendant is a foreign insurance corporation, doing thisstafe, having ll.g and offices located here. Service nts \ business was madeuvonthe insurance commIssioner. He .declined to receive the summonsandcopy'of the petition that was handed him, no reason being giVen therefor. The service was good, if he had power to receive the service. 'l'he law of Missouri forbids any foreign insurance company doing business until it has filed with the insurance commissioner a certificate stipulating that ,service upon him shaUbe personal service upon the company. As it is alleged in the petition that the company was doing business in this state, having agents and offices here, we are topl'esurne t1lat it has complied with the law; and therefore, prima facie, at least, the service is good, and default will be entered.
UNITED STATES
v.
EAGAN.
Circuit Oourt, E. D. Mi880Wri, E.D. March ,26, 1887.) 1. GRAND
2.
JuR't' 'DRAWING-FEDERAL COURTS.' The act ()f! co.ngress of June 30, 1879, with reference to drawing 1utors for the courts of. the United States, did not repeal Rev. St. U. S. §§ 800, 802,804, or 808. .. " ' , ,
SAME-STATE PRACTICE.
There being no federal statutes regulating challenges to grand jurors, the federal courts ;may, under Rev. St. U. S. § 722, follow the practice of the courts of tlleatate in which they are b,eld, with reference to objections to indictmentspresented by a grand jury, on the ground of irregularity in the method df'fl6lecting the members of the jury. . SAME':"":'IRREGULAR SELECTION-PLEA IN,ABATEMENT.
8.
The directions in the Missouri to the manner of drawing grand jurors are merely directory; and, uJ:1.der the decisions of the supreme court of that state, objections to the mann'er of drawing the members of that body cannot be raised by plea in abatement to an indictment presented byit, when it appears that the jurors irregularly chosen were competent and qualified jurors, residing in the district, and that the only irregularity consists in the method of selecting them.
4.
SAlim-FULL PANEL-DRAWING FROM WHEEL.
Under; St. U. S. § 808, prOViding that "if, of lhe.persons summoned 1ess than 16 attend, they shall be placed on the grand jury, and the court shall order the marshal to summon * * * from the bodyof the district. and not from the by-standel's, Ii sufficient number of persons to complete the grand jury," the court has the right to determine of how many persons. up to 23, the grand jury.shall consist; but if more than 16 and less than the number ordered attend under the first venire. and the court sees fit to require an additional number to make up the full panel, as first ordered, the deficiency must be sup· plied by OJ:dering additional names to be drawn from tl;le wheel. and not by directing tl;lemarshal to select the additional jurors from the body of the district, or from. particular localities of the district. Ii
fl. SAME-VIOLENT PARTISAN.
The fact that a man is a member of a political party, and does not affect his qualification as Ii grand jnror.
strong partisan, . .
I
UNITED STATES V. EAGAN.
609
Indictment under Rev. St.. U. S. § for fraudulent registratiDD. On demurrer to plea in abatement. T. B. Bashaw, J. O. Broadhead, and P. fl. Dyer, for the United .States. W. K. Marshall and O. H. Prince, for defendant. BREWER, J., (orally.) In this criminal case a plea in abatement has been filed. The matter which is presented thereby is one affecting the regularity of the organization of the grand jury, and not one affecting the qualifications of the jurors; for the fact that a juror belonged to one party, and was a strong partisan, would be no ground of challenge, even ifpresented before the jury was impaneled and sworn, any more than a challenge on the ground that he belonged to one church, and was a strong and bigoted adherent of that church. Neither party affiliation nor religious beliefs nor church adhesion affect the qualifications of a juror, grand or petit; but it is insisted there was an irregularity in the organi.;. zation of this grand jury, in that five of the jurors were not drawn in the manner provided by the act of 1879. But a challenge to a grand jury, based on the mere ground of irregularity in its orgariization, was never regarded with any favor; less so to-day than ever. Many states have considered the grand jury superfluous, and have authorized prosecutions of all offenses; even the highest, by a simple information filed by the prosecuting attorney; and many states, even where a grand jury is preserved, have by statute limited to a very narrow extent the challenges which may be made to it. Among those states is Missouri, and, by repeated decisions of its supreme court, it is beyond question that no matter of this kind· could be raised by plea iJi abatement to an indictment presented in a state court. The federal statutes are silent, and contain no express provisions in respect to the matter of challenging a grand juror in any way. Section 722 of the Revised Statutes contains this provision:
"The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters conferred on the district or circuit courts by the prOVisions of its title, and of title' Civil Rights,' and of title ·Crimes,' for the protection of all persons in :the United States in their civil rights, and .for their Vindication, shall be exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, s9far as such suitable to carry the same into effect. But in all cases where they are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish Eluitable remedies and punish offenses against law, the common law, as modified and Changed bythe constitution and statute of the state wherein the court haVing jurisdiction of such civil or criminal cause is held, so far as the same is not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States, shall be extended to and govern the said courts in the trial and disposition of the cause, and, if it is of a criminal nature, in the infliction of punishment on the party found guilty."
. Section 800 (the last clause of which was expressly repealed by the act of 1879) reads: "The jurors to serve in the courts of the United States, in each state respectively, shall have the same qualifications, SUbject to the provisions hereinafter contained, and be entitled to the same exemptions, as jurors of the highest court of law," etc.
v.30F.no.8-39
FEDF.RAL
Mr. in his treatise on the pradticeofthe United States courts, insists that there are cogent reasons for holding that this refers, not merely to the mere'quulifications as to citizenship, age, residence, etc., but that it extends to all the proceedings for challenging and determining the qualifications of jurors, and to that extent incorporates the laws qf the state. Glearly, with these two sections of the federal statute we have the right, if we are not bound in every case in which there is no express provisioniof the federal statute, to apply the provisions and the laws of the state in which the court is held; and, applying the laws of Missouri, there can be no question but that this plea in abatement must be overruled. I might stop here, aqd y.et I desire to add a word in reference to this act of 1879. I do not think that it carries the meaning, or bears the constrllction, which counsel have put upon it. Nor do I think that sections 802, 804, and 808 are repealed by implication by it. .Repeals by implication are never favored. The question which undedies them is one of intent of the legislature. That intent is very clear, when they, in terms, mention a single clause of a section, the subsequent section, and then, passing a few, two more sections in the same article, and expressly repeal them, not to disturb the sections, and parts of a section, which they do not mention. This act of 1879 is interpreted by counsel. as meaning that no juror could be placed in that jury-box, whether from the regular jury or summoned as talesman, unless his name had been drawn, in the .regular way, out oUhe ,box containing at the time 300 names. The very difficulty ,of carrying into effect the act thus interpreted is strong reason for believing that such was never the intent of congresSj fbr, bear in mind that that box must be full; that the names must be placed in by the commissioner and the clerk alternately. Did congress expect that the jury commissioner would remain in constant attendance during the session of every court, for fear that, in some particularemergency, the regular panel might be exhausted, and a further juror wanted? . As said by Judge SWING, in the opinion which he wrote concerning this section: "Is it possible that if, when a jury is being impaneled, a single juror is wanting, the court must delay until the jury commissioner can be summoned, the box filled, and a name drawn, and then, iffound tope in. a distant, part of the district, the marshal has time to go and bring him down?" The difficulty in enforcing such a construction of the statute is, I say, a very cogent reason for believing it was never the intent of congress. What was meant was this: that no regular jury, grangor petit, should 1?e drawn or called into, the courts except" drawn and called in the prescribed manner. It is true that, in the first of theaet, it says "that all such jurors," individualizing them; but dently it means all such juries; for, when it comes to the closing part of: seotiqn, it .says: "And no person shall serve as a .petit juror more than one;term,in anyone yearj a.nd all juries to serve in courts after the passageof:thisactshall be,drawn in conformity herewith." Evidently that is what is intendedj that all juries to be drawn are to be drawn in
UNJTED STATES V. EAGAN.
611
<lOnformity therewith. Indeed, it require very clear and elIlphatic language on the part of congress which should be construed as taking .away the power of the,court, in an emergency, to fill.up in a. speedy way . a partially formed jury. There is ample room, placing this construction upon that section, for its operation, and for the operation of all thesE' intermediate sections which were not in termsreferred to and repealed by the act of 1878; so that I have no doubt that the court has as it always has had, the power to summon from the by-standers to fill up a petit jury, and to summon from the body of the district, in an emergency, for completing a grand jury. The plea in abatement will be overruled. . My Brother THAYER has some comments which he desires to add. THAYER, J. lam of the opinion that the a(}t of June 30, with reference to drawing jurors, grand and petit,for the courts of the United States, has not repealed sections 800, 802, 804, or 808, Rev. St. U. S., as has been urged on the hearing of this demurrer. .There is no conflict between the act of June 30,1879, and sections 800, 802, 804, and 808, which renders it proper to declare a repeal by implication;. and, further. more, the sections last mentioned in great part relate to a different subjectmatter. Section 800 prescribes the qualifications of jurors, which the act of June 30, 1879, does not undertake to do. Section 804 relates to the subject of talesmen for petit jurors, when the general panel has be. come deficient through challenges or otherwise, and section 808 defines the number of persons necessary to compose a federal grand jury, and prescribes how the panel shall be completed when less than 16 grand jurors fail to attend. Looking at the subject-matter of these sections, it is obvious that they are unaffected by the act of June 30, 1879. But under section 808, Rev. St. U. S., the court is not authorized, in my judgment, to order the marshal to summon or select other persons than those already drawn to complete the grand jUry, except in the event that less than 16 attend under the first venire. Undoubtedly the court has the right to determine of how many persons, up to 23, the grand jury shall consist; but if more than 16, and less than the number ordered, attend under the first venire, and the court sees fit to require an additional number to make up the full panel as first ordered, the deficiency should, in my opinion, be supplied by ordering additional names to be drawn from the wheel, and not by directing the marshal to seleo; the additional jurors from the body of the district, or from particular localities in the district. In consequence of this view, it results that the plea in abatement shows an irregularity in the manner of choosing the 5 grand jurors in addition to the 18 who first reported. But this irregularity in choosing the five grand jurors will not avail (after the jury has been sworn, and have found indictments) as ground for quashing the indictment so found, either on plea in abatement or otherwise, when it appear8 that the juror8 so irregularly chosen were com-
612
petent and qualified jurors, residing ili the district, and that the only irregularity consists in the method of selecting them. The plea in ment does not, in my judgment, state any fact with respect to the five additional grand jurors that would amount to a disqualification, either at common law or under the statutes of this state, if the defendant had been present to challenge them before they were sworn. The fact that 8 man is a member of any political party is not a disqualification for jury service in any case, and practically that is all that is stated in the plea by way of disqualifieation of the five jurors in question. If the point .to be decided by the 'court was to be determined solely with reference to the common law, and without reference to local laws, the better opinion seems to be that no objection to an indiotment ought to be allowed, based merely on an irregularity in the manner of Relecting a part or the whole of the grand jury which found the bill, if, in all other respects, they were duly-qualified jurors. Thus, in Thompson and Merriam on Juries, it is said that the only objection which can be taken to 'the grand jurors by plea in abatement, after they have been sworn and made presentments, "must be such as would disqualify the juror to serve in any casei in other words, the plea must show the absence of positive qualifications demanded by law,"and not merely an irregularity in the method of selection. Vide Thomp. & M. Juries, §§ 533-536, inclusive, and au thorities cited. But this is a matter wherein, under section 722 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, (there being no federal statutes regulating challenges to grand jurors,) we are authorized, in my opinion, to conform our ruling to the practice which obtains in the state courts of Mis'souri, and under the practice in the state courts it is clear beyond question that the plea in abatement states no valid ground of objection to the indictment. It has long been the settled rule in this state, affirmed by a number of decisions in the. 'court of last resort, that a defendant, neither by challenge to the array, nor by plea in abatement, nor motion to quash, can take any exceptions to 'an irregularity in the manner of choosing the' grand jury by which the bill' was' fOlInd. Directions as to the manner of drawing grand jurors are held in this state to be merely directory. Vide State v. Bleekley, 18 Mo. 428; State v. Welch, 33 Mo. 33; State v. ConneU, 49 Mo. 282; State v. Matthews, 88 Mo. 121. In this matter I think we are authorized to follow a well-settled rule of criminal practice in the state courts, there being no act of congress declaring a different rule. The demurrer to the plea should be sustained.
HATCH V. HALL.
613
HATCH and others .". HALL. (Oircuit Oourt, B. D. NetD York. April 26,1887.) PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-ASSIGNMENT-TERRITORIAL RIGHTs-INFRINGEMENT.
H., who owned the right, title, and interest in an invention secured by pat· ent for, to, and in the .state of New York, sold to defendant the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patent in New York and Brooklyn, and "sell in the state of New York, and .elsewhere.» Defendant furnished goods of the patent to dealers to be sold outside, !md sought their custom for that purpose. Held an infringement by defendant, since sales by dealers.would be Infringements in which defendant participated, byfurn.jshing the mean$ for it, and by aiding and abetting it. . .
In Equity. Prank P. Prichard, for plaintiffs. B. F. Wat8on, for defendant. WHEELER, J. From the plea.dings and proofs it appears that one Claude L. Stillman, while the owner of reissued letters patent numbered 9,596, dated February 15, 1881, and granted to the orator William B. Hatch for improvements in spring bed bottoms, duly assigned to Nellie C. Hedley all his right, title, and interest in the invention secured by the patent, for, to, and in the state of New York, to be held and enjoyed by her during the term of the patent, "as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by" him "if this assignment and sale had not been made." This assignment was made and dated August 1, 1881. Stillman assigned to the orator Orilla L. Hatch, wife of William B., all his right, title, and interest in the patent, June 28, 1882. Nellie C. Hedley, on September 5, 1883, granted to the defendant, Hall, an exclusive license to make, use, and sell the patented improvement in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, "and sell in the state of New York,and elsewhere." The orators Hatch, April 1, 1884, granted to Elmer H. Grey, Joseph Hancock, and Tl'Uman H. Grey, the other orators, an exclusive license to make and sell the patented inventions in the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, and Tennessee, and in the District of Columbia. All these conveyAnces and grants were duly entered of record in the patent-office. The defendant claims the right to sell in this territory by virtue of his grant from Hedley to sell in the state of New York and elsewhere. He claims that she acquired the right to make this grant to him by the force of the terms of the grant from Stillman to her, while he owned the patent; and by force of an arrangement with Mrs. Hatch and her husband while she owned it. He insists that, as Stillman was the owner of the patent, and had the right to sell the invention everywhere throughout the United States as well as in New York, his grant to her of the right for that state, to be held by her as fully as it would haveheen held by him if the grant had not been made, carried with it to