These cross appeals are from orders of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island dismissing the respective claims of plaintiffs and defendants for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Toste Farm Corp. v. Hadbury, Inc., 882 F.Supp. 240 (D.R.I.1995). Plaintiffs are two entities wholly controlled by Carl Acebes, namely, Toste Farm Corporation ("TFC") and PaineWebber, Inc. Custodian/Trustee of IRA FBO Carl Acebes, account numbered JG12642-69 ("PaineWebber IRA"). Defendants are Richard N. Morash and his corporation Hadbury, Inc. ("Hadbury").1 At issue is whether the court below correctly concluded that diversity jurisdiction over the plaintiffs' claim failed for violation of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1359, and whether, in the circumstances, diversity jurisdiction over defendants' counterclaim also failed. We affirm the district court's dismissal of both claims.

In June of 1991, Richard Morash obtained the exclusive right to acquire 417 acres of land in Rhode Island known as Toste Farm. Intending to purchase and develop the property, Morash and Carl Acebes, on November 4, 1991, formed the Toste Farm Limited Partnership composed of the "Morash Partners" and the "Acebes Partners." The Morash Partners consisted of Hadbury, an entity incorporated under the laws of Rhode Island with a principal place of business in Massachusetts, and Morash, a Massachusetts citizen. The Acebes Partners consisted of PaineWebber IRA, an entity incorporated under the laws of Delaware with a principal place of business in New York, and Toste Farm Corporation, Inc. ("TFCI"), a corporation newly formed under the laws of Rhode Island with a principal place of business in Rhode Island.2

According to Carl Acebes, TFCI was formed "for a single purpose--to act as a general partner of the Toste Farm Limited Partnership." Acebes' attorney stated that TFCI's "principal asset" was its partnership interest and added that TFCI "may have had an incidental bank account as well." TFCI was capitalized with a bank account valued at a little over $200,000, of which about $12,000 was invested in the partnership. Acebes gave two reasons for overfunding TFCI. First, he wanted to avoid having to request additional funds from PaineWebber IRA in the event the thinly capitalized partnership required cash. Second, the extra funds were available for "other business opportunities ... quite outside of the ... partnership."3

During 1992, Acebes announced his intention to retire from the partnership. Pursuant to the partnership agreement, Morash and Acebes conducted a buy-sell procedure in which each party bid to purchase the partnership interests of the other. This procedure ended in a dispute with each party claiming to have purchased the other's interests.

In November of 1992, the Acebes Partners brought an action against the Morash Partners and Raymond Holland, the attorney for the partnership, in the District Court for the District of Rhode Island seeking a declaration of the parties' rights and duties under the partnership agreement. See 28 U.S.C. Secs. 2201-2202; Fed.R.Civ.P. 57. They asserted diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332, but later voluntarily dismissed the suit when the Morash Partners pointed out that the parties were not fully diverse because plaintiff TFCI, like defendants Hadbury and Holland, was a citizen of Rhode Island.4

In December of 1992, TFCI was merged into TFC, a New York corporate shell that had been created earlier in the year. Presumably, TFC's principal place of business also became New York, rather than Rhode Island where TFCI was based, although the record is not absolutely clear.5 Pursuant to the merger, TFC received all of TFCI's assets. Plaintiffs concede that one purpose of creating TFC and dissolving TFCI was to manufacture diversity for this action, although they also contend, without specifics, that the merger served the administrative convenience of Acebes whose residence and other business activities were in New York. Defendants allege that the merger was effected solely to create diversity in this action.

Having created diversity via the merger, TFC and PaineWebber IRA refiled their action in January of 1993. Defendants filed a counterclaim. During the trial, defendants moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The district court dismissed both the claim and the counterclaim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after the trial on the merits.

This court reviews de novo the legal question of whether the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over the parties' claims. Murphy v. United States, 45 F.3d 520, 522 (1st Cir.1995). However, the district court's factual findings made in conjunction with its jurisdictional determination receive deference unless clearly erroneous. Dweck v. Japan CBM Corp., 877 F.2d 790, 792 (9th Cir.1989).

The district courts have original jurisdiction over civil actions between citizens of different states in which the amount in controversy exceeds $50,000. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332(a). Diversity must be complete: the citizenship of each plaintiff must be shown to be diverse from that of each defendant. Owen Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 373-74, 98 S.Ct. 2396, 2402-03, 57 L.Ed.2d 274 (1978). For purposes of diversity jurisdiction, a corporation is deemed to be a citizen of both the state where it is incorporated and the state where it maintains its principal place of business, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332(c)(1), and citizenship is determined as of the date of the commencement of the lawsuit. See, e.g., Taber Partners, I v. Merit Builders, Inc., 987 F.2d 57, 59 n. 1 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, Desarrollos Metropolitanos, Inc. v. Taber Partners, I, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 82, 126 L.Ed.2d 50 (1993); Rodriguez-Diaz v. Sierra-Martinez, 853 F.2d 1027, 1029 (1st Cir.1988). The burden of proof is on the party attempting to sustain diversity jurisdiction. Thomson v. Gaskill, 315 U.S. 442, 446 62 S.Ct. 673, 675, 86 L.Ed. 951 (1942); Media Duplication Servs., Ltd. v. HDG Software, Inc., 928 F.2d 1228, 1235 (1st Cir.1991).

It is undisputed that plaintiffs satisfied the requirements of Sec. 1332. By the time this action was brought, TFCI had effectively merged into TFC, a New York corporate citizen. Defendants, however, sought dismissal of plaintiffs' claim under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1359, which provides:

A district court shall not have jurisdiction of a civil action in which any party, by assignment or otherwise, has been improperly or collusively made or joined to invoke the jurisdiction of such court.

The district court held that Sec. 1359 barred jurisdiction--not only over plaintiffs' claim but over the entire action including defendants' counterclaim. The court reasoned that although "[t]he merger was real enough, ... it did not create diversity jurisdiction" because there was "a manufactured assignment." Toste Farm, 882 F.Supp. at 247.

For over a century, Congress has denied jurisdiction of suits where a party is "improperly or collusively made or joined to invoke ... jurisdiction."6 The Supreme Court in Williams v. Nottawa, 104 U.S. 209, 211, 26 L.Ed. 719 (1881), described transfers to create diversity jurisdiction as "frauds upon the court." Commentators and courts have construed "improper or collusive" as "confer[ring] jurisdiction not justified by aims of diversity." O'Brien v. AVCO Corp., 425 F.2d 1030, 1034 (2d Cir.1969); 14 Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction 2d Sec. 3637, at 93 (1985 & Supp.1995). See also Airlines Reporting Co. v. S and N Travel, 58 F.3d 857, 862 (2d Cir.1995) ("[W]e construe section 1359 broadly to bar any agreement whose 'primary aim' is to concoct federal diversity jurisdiction"); Amoco Rocmount Co. v. Anschutz Corp., 7 F.3d 909, 916 (10th Cir.1993); Yokeno v. Mafnas, 973 F.2d 803, 809 (9th Cir.1992) ("The federal anti-collusion statute is aimed at preventing parties from manufacturing diversity jurisdiction to inappropriately channel ordinary business litigation into federal courts"); Nolan v. Boeing Co., 919 F.2d 1058, 1067 (5th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 962, 111 S.Ct. 1587, 113 L.Ed.2d 651 (1991). The district court in the present case found that "Section 1359's policy against improper or collusive manufacture of diversity jurisdiction would be completely undermined if a corporate merger involving a transfer of the chose in action and some amount of money could create diversity jurisdiction." Toste Farm, 882 F.Supp. at 247.

In its most recent pronouncement, the Supreme Court has construed Sec. 1359 in a similarly broad manner. In Kramer v. Caribbean Mills, Inc., 394 U.S. 823, 89 S.Ct. 1487, 23 L.Ed.2d 9 (1969), the Court noted that "Kramer candidly admits that the 'assignment was in substantial part motivated by a desire ... to make diversity jurisdiction available.' " Id. at 828, 89 S.Ct. at 1490. Holding that the otherwise valid assignment of the claim to a diverse party was improper or collusive under Sec. 1359, the Court reasoned that the mere legality of an assignment cannot make it valid for purposes of federal jurisdiction because such a ruling "would render Sec. 1359 largely incapable of accomplishing its purpose." Id. at 829, 89 S.Ct. at 1491. The Court was concerned that "the ease with which a party may 'manufacture' federal jurisdiction" could lead to "a vast quantity of ordinary contract and tort litigation ... channeled into the federal courts" which is "the very thing which Congress intended to prevent when it enacted Sec. 1359 and its predecessors." Id. at 828-29, 89 S.Ct. at 1490-91.

In applying Kramer, lower courts have often determined an improper or collusive assignment from whether or not the parties have shown an independent business justification for assigning the claim to a diverse party.7 Courts have also applied elevated scrutiny to assignments between affiliated parties. In these situations, "[s]imply articulating a business reason is insufficient; the burden of proof is with the party asserting diversity to establish that the reason is legitimate and not pretextual." Yokeno, 973 F.2d at 810. See also Airlines Reporting, 58 F.3d at 862-63; Nike, Inc. v. Comercial Iberica de Exclusivas Deportivas, S.A., 20 F.3d 987, 991-93 (9th Cir.1994); Dweck, 877 F.2d at 792-93; Prudential Oil Corp. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 546 F.2d 469, 475 (2d Cir.1969) ("The scrutiny normally applied to transfers or assignments of claims which have the effect of creating diversity must be doubled in the case of assignments between related or affiliated corporations since common ownership ... only serves to increase the possibility of collusion and compound the difficulty encountered in detecting the real purpose of the assignment"); Western Farm Credit Bank v. Hamakua Sugar Co., 841 F.Supp. 976, 981 (D.Haw.1994); Blythe Indus., Inc. v. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Auth., 573 F.Supp. 563, 564 (D.P.R.1983).

The above authorities, as well as the clear language of Sec. 1359, are consistent with the district court's analysis here. Plaintiffs rely, for a contrary view, upon a Supreme Court case decided in the 1920s that seemingly points in a different direction. In Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co., 276 U.S. 518, 48 S.Ct. 404, 72 L.Ed. 681 (1928), a Kentucky taxi company created diversity by reincorporating in Tennessee. Otherwise, the company continued its taxi business in Kentucky.8 The newly created Tennessee company brought suit in federal court. The Supreme Court upheld diversity jurisdiction stating: "The succession and transfer were actual, not feigned or merely colorable. In these circumstances, courts will not inquire into motives when deciding concerning their jurisdiction." Id. at 524, 48 S.Ct. at 405. Cf. Mecom v. Fitzsimmons Drilling Co., 284 U.S. 183, 190, 52 S.Ct. 84, 87, 76 L.Ed. 233 (1931); Cross v. Allen, 141 U.S. 528, 533, 12 S.Ct. 67, 69, 35 L.Ed. 843 (1891).

Black & White Taxicab has been sharply criticized for allowing the manufacture of diversity in conflict with Sec. 1359's purpose. Charles A. Wright, Law of Federal Courts 373 (1994) ("The reincorporation ... to create diversity verged on fraud, and it was not necessary to hold that diversity jurisdiction could be so readily abused"); American Law Institute, Study of the Division of Jurisdiction Between State and Federal Courts 159 (1969) ("One of the most cited examples of improper creation of diversity jurisdiction involved a corporation which simply reincorporated in another state for the purpose of creating diversity jurisdiction [citing Black & White Taxicab ]").

This court has interpreted Sec. 1359 in light both of Black & White Taxicab and Kramer in a case strikingly similar to the one at hand. Greater Dev. Co. v. Amelung, 471 F.2d 338 (1st Cir.1973) (per curiam). In Amelung, the district court dismissed the original claim of a Massachusetts corporation for lack of jurisdiction. To create diversity, the corporation's controlling stockholder formed a Connecticut shell corporation which purchased the assets of the Massachusetts corporation. The Connecticut corporation then refiled the suit. The district court dismissed the action relying on Sec. 1359, and this court summarily affirmed, stating in part:

[W]e think ... that when a corporation conducting an on-going business transfers all its assets and its business to another corporation, and the transferor is dissolved, diversity jurisdiction will exist, even though the shareholders of the two corporations are the same, and the purpose of the transfer is to obtain diversity of citizenship. Here admittedly the transfer is real, the transferor has been dissolved and the shareholder is the same. However, the claim which is the basis of this suit was the only asset transferred, and, as far as the record shows, the only asset of the new corporation, which apparently has no payroll and no other activities. To extend an already eroded case like Black & White, see Kramer ... to this situation would be to destroy the meaning of this salutary and long-standing statute [28 U.S.C. Sec. 1359].

Id. at 339.9 Amelung has been praised for refusing to extend Black & White Taxicab beyond its facts.10

In the instant case, the district court concluded that the factual situation "approximates that in Amelung." Toste Farm, 882 F.Supp. at 246. We agree. As in Amelung, the principal asset transferred was a legal claim. As the district court found, TFCI had no employees nor did it have ongoing activities beyond its interest in the Toste Farm Limited Partnership. It was formed for the single purpose of acting as a general partner in the partnership. After Acebes determined to leave the partnership and the buy-sell negotiations foundered, resulting in this lawsuit, TFCI and, after the merger, TFC were left mainly with a legal dispute. Unlike the transferred taxi business in Black & White Taxicab, there was no ongoing business to operate separate from the legal claim. Had TFCI assigned its interest in the claim to TFC in New York, Sec. 1359 would plainly, under Kramer, have overridden the existing diversity. We see no reason for a different outcome merely because the merger route was used to accomplish essentially the same result. Section 1359 proscribes the improper or collusive making of a party to invoke jurisdiction, "by assignment or otherwise " (emphasis added).

It is true, as plaintiffs argue, that the assets transferred to TFC included--besides the partnership interest--a bank account containing under $200,000. While plaintiffs concede that one purpose of the merger was to manufacture diversity, they note the availability of the bank account for possible future investments and contend that the transfer to New York served Acebes' convenience, as his other business activities were also in New York. But, on this record, the district court could reasonably view these assertions as make-weights. Acebes would scarcely be deeply concerned as to where the state of incorporation and principal office of this paper corporation were located, given that there were no employees and no ongoing operations. Nor does the placing of an amount of cash in TFC for possible future use seem significant. The record does not indicate the existence of active outside business investments at the time of transfer. None of these factors, by themselves, suggests a likely reason for the move to New York. The significant reason appears to be the improper one: "to invoke the jurisdiction" of the federal court, Sec. 1359.

The district court justifiably concluded that there was "a manufactured assignment concocted and designed by a single individual using the diversity statute as a ploy to create jurisdiction." Toste Farm, 882 F.Supp. at 247. To be sure, the court elsewhere said that creating diversity was "at least one of the reasons for the merger," id. at 245, but the tenor of the court's opinion, including the "manufactured assignment" statement, indicates that the creation of diversity was the principal--indeed, one might suppose the sole--purpose for the merger. There was no error in this factual analysis.

We recognize, as plaintiffs argue, that the Supreme Court, in the circumstances of Black & White Taxicab, declined to inquire into motives. Id. 276 U.S. at 524, 48 S.Ct. at 405. Black & White Taxicab, however, involved the transfer of an ongoing taxi business, not a paper corporation whose single purpose had been to act as a general partner in a partnership now embroiled in litigation. Viewing cases of this nature on a continuum defined by Kramer on one side, and Black & White Taxicab on the other, the present case falls well to the Kramer side. And in this circuit the instant case is further controlled--as the district court correctly found--by our Amelung decision. We, therefore, affirm the district court's finding that Sec. 1359 bars jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claim.

We turn next to the issue of whether any portion of defendants' counterclaim can survive the jurisdictional failure of plaintiffs' claim.

There are two ways for district courts to acquire jurisdiction over counterclaims: (1) pursuant to an independent basis for federal jurisdiction present in the counterclaim; or (2) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1367 which provides supplemental jurisdiction over counterclaims that are part of the same case or controversy as the original claim. Only those counterclaims that have an independent basis for jurisdiction can survive a dismissal of the original claim for lack of jurisdiction.11 6 Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d Sec. 1414, at 112 (1990). See also Scott v. Long Island Savings Bank, FSB, 937 F.2d 738, 743 (2d Cir.1991); Kuehne & Nagel (AG & CO) v. Geosource, Inc., 874 F.2d 283, 291 (5th Cir.1989); DHL Corp. v. Loomis Courier Serv., Inc., 522 F.2d 982, 985 (9th Cir.1975).

Defendants urge this court to find that the district court has mandatory jurisdiction over Count III of their counterclaim because jurisdiction exists independently within the scope of its allegation.12 Count III alleges that the TFCI-TFC merger violated sections 11.2 and 11.3 of the partnership agreement, which prohibit the transfer of a partner's interest without giving notice and a right of first refusal to the other partners.

Defendants argue that the district court has mandatory jurisdiction over Count III because they have met all the requirements of diversity under Sec. 1332. Section 1359--which destroyed diversity in plaintiffs' claim--does not apply to them, defendants say, because they themselves did not engage in the collusive or improper acts that defeated diversity jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claim. In defendants' view, the district court's holding penalizes them for losing "the race to the courthouse" since if they had sued plaintiffs, instead of vice versa, jurisdiction would exist.

We are not persuaded. Section 1359, by its terms, destroys diversity not only for the original claim, but for the entire action. Section 1359 provides: "A district court shall not have jurisdiction of a civil action in which any party ... has been improperly or collusively made ... to invoke [federal] jurisdiction" (emphasis added).13 The district court's lack of jurisdiction is not limited to the claim of a collusive plaintiff but extends to any portion of the civil action whose jurisdictional basis depends in fact upon the plaintiff's improper or collusive act.14 We can see no reason not to construe the statute as written. It could well be unfair, within the contours of the same lawsuit, to find that diversity jurisdiction exists for purposes of defendants' claim after dismissing plaintiffs' claim for want of diversity. To bifurcate jurisdiction in this manner would be to fragment the case. One aspect of the partnership agreement here might have to be determined in federal court and another in state court,15 causing friction between state and federal courts, the wasting of judicial resources, and a greater likelihood of unfair and inconsistent outcomes. It could also be unfair to allow defendants, who successfully challenged jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claim, to use the same improperly achieved jurisdictional basis for their counterclaim. In any case, the statute seems clear. We affirm the district court's refusal to assert jurisdiction over defendants' counterclaim.

Affirmed. Each party bears its own costs.