14:19 vance the sum due to said· merchant appraiser, such payment to be noted on the entry of the merchandise in question; and no permit thereafter will be issued for the delivery of said merchandise, or any part thereof. for consumption, transportation, or exportation, until the collector is reimbursed by the importer lor the advance so made."
Under that regulation there could be no goods delivered without the payment of this money; so that payment under that regulation would be a payment under duress or coercion. In matters of this kind, I may say, in conclusion, that there is no other way to reach departures from the statute, and to check and prevent petty impositions, than some such mode as this. There are various general statutes, like that under which this action is brought, designed, by the penalties imposed, to afford both a compensation to the persons aggrieved and a check against exactions beyond what the law allows. The object of this statute is evidently the protection of the public. It may operate harshly, considering a single transaction only. If it did not do so, it would not be likely to afford any effectual remedy, and it would be likely to be less regarded in the future. This penalty, without being heavy, is sufficient to secure attention. If enforced, it will tend to stop such impositions. There is nothing, therefore, in the circumstances, as it seems to the court, that should lead you to hesitate in finding a verdict for the plaintiffs, provided you find the conditions to exist which I have stated to be essential, viz.: that the collector received this money; that it was not a voluntary payment, one that was coerced, having in view the established practice of business as known to the collector, and sanctioned by him. If you find such to be the facts, and that this money was required and received by the collector as a condition of proceeding with the reappraisement of this merchandise, then it is your duty to find for the plain. tiffs. Otherwise, your verdict will be for the defendant.
In
'1'6
Petition of
JAYNE
in the Matter of
VETTERLEIN
and others.
(Dist7'ict Oourt. 8. D. New York.
June 26, 1886.)
ernment. A.e respects suits existing at the passage of that act, the secretary of the treasury had power, under section 26, to determine the informer. compensation, without any previous examination or re'port thereon by the court, under section 6. Held, therefore, that, upon a cl8.1m made by the peti· tioner and others to the secretary of the treasury, and a reference thereof by him to the court of claims, without any previous examination by the court in which the principal action was pending, the court of claims had jurisdic· tion of the person and of the subject-matter, and that its decision adverse to the petitioner's exclusive claim was valid and binding.
In Bankruptcy. Roger M. Sherman, for petitioner. Elihu Root, U. S. Atty., and Geo. E. P. Howard, Asst. U. S. Atty., for the United States. Dudley Phelps, for claimant, Kanski. BROWN, J. Upon examination, I am satisfied that I have no jurisdiction to entertain a summary petition by Mr. Jayne, as informer, to adjudicate upon his rights, as against the United States, under the act of 1867. If the petition were based upon the act of 1874, to recover a suitable compensation, this court would have jurisdiction to determine the matter by petition, if the case were brought within section 6 of that act. But the claim in this case is to a moiety of the proceeds recovered under section 1 of the act of March 2, 1867. Under that act there is no authority in this court to examine informers' claims in a summary way by petition, nor, so far as I know, waS there any such authority until the act of June 22, 1874, except as an incident to some suit, resulting from the informer's efforts, and while the court was in custody of the proceeds collected in that cause. In the case of U. S. v. George, 6 Blatchf. 37, the proceeds of the judgment had been paid into court, and awaited the order of the court; and such was the fact in all the cases there referred to. Such is not the case here. There is no fund in the custody of the COl1l't, or under its control, in the suit brought by the procurement of the informer. That suit was a suit in personam, and resulted, in 1872, in a judgment of about $100,000 in favor of the United States. Nothing has ever been collected in that suit itself. There is no money in the court to the credit of that cause, and none is likely to be. '1'he United States proved its demands as a creditor against the bankrupt's estate, and the only money that the United States will receive will be received simply as a creditor of the bankrupts, upon a distribution and payment by the assignee in bankruptcy, if any such payment should be ordered and made. The informer has no claim against the bankrupts, nor any demand affecting the amount of the bankrupts' assets, or the amount to be distributed by the assignee; and hence no claim of which the court can take cognizance by petition in bankrnptcy. He has nothing but a claim against the United States, a creditbr of the bankrupts, and there is no jurisdiction in this court to entertain, by petition, a mere claim of one creditor against another creditor entitled to a distribution in bankruptcy.
, Any decision I make of the question on which a decision is desired, namely, whether the informer has a right to payment from the United States, under the moiety act of 1867, as an interest vested in him prior to the repeal of the act of 1874, would be binding upon .neither party, and the petition should therefore be dismissed. Upon a subsequent petition under the act of 1874, the following decision was rendered: BROWN, J. The petitioner asks that this conrt shall take proceed. ings under section 6 of the act of June 22, 1874, (Supp. Rev. St. 78,) to examine his claim, as an informer, upon certain funds collected by the United States from Vetterlein & Co., under a payment and distribution by the assignee in bankruptcy upon a judgment for violating the revenue laws, obtained, in 1872, in consequence of his in· formation, and which judgment was proved as a claim in bankruptcy. The petitioner alleges that he alone gave the first actual information of the fraud upon which the claim of the government against the bankrupts was based. But it appears that a few weE!ks afterwards, and on or about the first of August, 1R69, a written claim was filed with the secretary of the treasury for an informer's share, which was signed by the petitioner and three other persons. Upon a claim of the latter to compensation as informers, recently made upon the on the previous petition, secretary of the treasury, since the in respect to a considerable sum recel;ltly paid into the treasury by the assignee in bankruptcy, the question, as between the petitioner alone and the other informers as alleged joint claimants, was submitted by the secretary of the treasury to the of claims for decision, under section 2 of the act of March 3, 1883, or of section 1063 of the Revised Statutes. The petitioner thereupon filed his petition in the court of claims, praying that he be declared the sole informer, and alone entitled to compensation as such. 1'hat court su bsequently decided, lipan careful consideration, against the petitioner's exclusive claim, arid held that all the fOUf, including the petitioner, were en. titled to compensation jointly. As this was an adjudication upon the very question now sought to be presented to this court, it is manifestly res adjudicata, provided the court of claims had jurisdiction of the cause. The petitioner's counsel now urge that the proceeding before the court of claims was coram non judice, because, under the sixth section of the act of June 22, 1874, above referred to, it is declared that "no payment shall be made to any person furnishing information in any case wherein judicial proceedings shall have been instituted, unless his claim for compensation shall have been established to the satisfaction of the court or judge having cognizance of such proceeding, and the value of his services duly certified by said judge or court for the informa-
IN BE JAYNE.
421
422
FEDERAL REPORTER.
tion of the secretary of the treasury;" and because no such proceedings were ever taken, prior to the proceedings before the secretary and the court of claims, or at any time, in the district court of this district, which was the court in which the judgment against Vetterlein & Co. was obtained. This application is not entitled to consideration beyond the strictest legal right, after the petitioner has made his application to the secretary of the treasury, has onoe obtained an award, and afterwards filed his petition in the court of olaims, and obtained a oareful and well-oonsidered adjudioation on the merits, without any intimation of any doubt of the jurisdiotioneitber of the seoretary, or of that court, to proceed with the matter independently of section 6 of the aot of 1874. The petitioner's petition to the court of claims sets out fully all the faots upon whioh he now relies, and there is neither protest nor objeotion to the jurisdiction of that court to determine the question npon its merits. There is no fact that was not as well known to the petitioner then as now, nor is there anything new in his application to this oourt. If objection to the want of jurisdiotion oould be waived, the petitioner's aots in this oase certainly amount to suoh a waiver. Upon the argument I had regarded that applioation as somewhat in the nature of a proceeding in rem, to obtain a share of the fund in specie to whioh the informer was by law entitled. If such were the true nature of the prooeeding under the existing law, in order that an adjudioation should be binding the court that made the adjudication must have jurisdiction of the subject-matter, as well as of the applicant; and I regarded the petitioner, therefore, as perhaps legally entitled to dispute the jurisdiotion of the court of claims over the subjeot.matter, notwithstanding his voluntary submission of the matter to them, and that no question of jurisdiotion was there raised. Under the former law (seotion 3090) there was doubtless some gronnd for this view, as that section provides that "the residue of the prooeeds should be distributed in the manner following, to-wit: Onefourth to the person giving the information," etc. In seotion 3689, also, whioh provides for permanent appropriations, the phrase used is "distributive shares of fines, penalties, and forfeitures 'under the customs laws," indioating that the informer has a proprietary interest therein after "the proceeds" have been paid into the treasury. From the time of such payment the informer was regarded as having a vested interest in his share of the proceeds of whioh he oould not be subsequently deprived; and this interest would seem, by the statute and the decisions, to have been an interest in the fund in specie. U. S. v. Morris, 10 Wheat. 290. See Confiscation Cases, 7 Wall. 454, 462; Brown v. U. S., Woolw. 198; Eight Barrels Distilled Spirits, 1 Ben. 472; U. S. v. Harris, 1 Abb. (U. S.) 110; U. S. v. Sirr.ons, 7 Fed. Rep. 709. But the act of 1874 has clearly abolished any suoh speoifio right. The second section of that act expressly repealed all former pro-
Dt BE JAYNE.
423
visions of law whereby "any share of fines or forfeitures" was to be paid to informers. Except where a specific interest was already vested in the informer,-whioh is not the oase here,-the informer thereafter could look to the provisions of the act of 1874 alone for compensation. The language of that act in relation to the rights of the informer is wholly different from that of seotion 3090, or seotion 1 of the act of 1867. The informer is to be entitled to "such compensation" only "as may be just and reasonable, not exceeding $5,000," to be paid, under the direction of the secretary, "out of any money appropriated for that purpose." This language gives no specific interest in the fund to the informer, even after payment of the money into the treasury. As the petitioner's right must be derived wholly through the act of 1874, there is nothing remaining to the informer analogous to a right in rem, but only a personal claim against the government to a reasonable compensation; and the adjudication of the oourt of claims, made in part upon the petitioner's own petition, is therefore binding upon him, unless that proceeding was, in effect, prohibited by section 6 of the act of 1874 until a prior examination by this court in accordance with that section. I am of opinion, however, that the practical construction which has been given by the treasury department to section 6 and section 26 of the act of 1874, in numerous adjudications as regards information given leading to suits already commenced befote tlle passage of that act, is the correct one, and that as to such claims section 6 of that act does not apply. U. S. v. Gilmore, 8 Wall. 330; U. S. v. Graham, 110 U. S. 219; S. C. 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 582. The last section of the act, (section 26,) while repealing all former acts inconsistent with it, provides that nothing therein contained "shall affect existing rights of the United States," and that, "in all cases in which prosecutions have been actually commenced for forfeitures incurred, the secretary of the treasury shall have power to make compensation, as provided in the fourth section of the act, to the persons who would, under the former laws, have been entitled to share in the distribution of such forfeitures." The latter clause of this section is evidently for the purpose of saving certain existing rights. It recognizes that under former laws certai.n persons would have been entitled to share in the distribution under suits then existing, and it provides, not that such persons shall still have a share, as such, bnt that "the secretary of the treasury shall have power to make compensation as provided in the fourth section." It does not say "as provided in the fourth and sixth sections," but only "as provided in the fourth section." The effect of the sixth section is to prevent the secretary of the treasury from making any compensation except where the court or judge has found the informer's claim established to its satisfaction, and has certified the value of his services. There is no such limitation upou the power of the secretary, under section 26, as respects suits existing at the time of the passage of the act. The two sections are there-
4.24
fore incompatible, and the specific power given by section 26 must be held prevailing in the specific cases there named, viz., existing suits,while the general language of section 6 must be limited to those cases in which judicial proceedings were commenced after the passage of the act. In this way effect is given to both sections, in accordance with the usual rule, where there are apparent conflicts in different sections of the same act, viz., that the general language of one section must be limited in order to give effect to the specific provisions of another section. Pennin,gton v. Coxe, 2 Cranch, 33, 52; Mutual Life IllS. Co. v. Champlin, 22 Blatchf. 334, 337; S. C. 21 Fed. Rep. 85, 87; U. S. v. Bassett, 2 Story, 389; U. S. v. Aujfmordt, 19 Fed. Rep. 901, 902. In the present case the suit was already pending at the time of the passage of the act of 1874. The subject of the informer's compensation was therefore properly before the secretary and the court of claims, and its decision is binding. In the decision on the former petition referred to by the petitioner's counsel, it appeared that the petition was based upon the act of 1867. No ruling was intended upon the question here prtlsented. On both grounds the petition should be denied.
WOLLENSAK V. REIHER. 1
(Oircuit Oourt, N. D. Illinois. July 26,1886.) 1.
Letters patent No. 191.088, of May 22. 1877, and No. 196.851, of November 6, 1877, to John F. Wolleneak, for sky-light and transom lifters, must, in view of the patent of Mareh 11, 1873, to the same inventor, and the decision in Wollensak v. Reihe;r, 115 U. S. 87, S. C. 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1132, be limited to theh specific devices. They are not foundation or generic patents. 2. SAME-INFRINGEMENT-PATENT No. 226,353. Transom lifters, made in accordance with the specifications and of patent No. 226,353. of April 6, 1880, to Frank A. Reiher, infringe the Wol· lensak patents Nos. 191,088 and 196,851. S. SAME-NOVELTY.
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-TRANSOM AND SKy·LIGHT LIFTERS.
Although the Wollensak patents are, to some extent, limited by his oldel patent, he is entitled to the benefit of the specific devices shown in them. and of their known equivalents.
In Equity. Banning cf: Banning, for complainant. Chas. T. Brown, for defendant. BLODGETT, J. This is a suit for an injunction and accounting b;y reason of the alleged infringement of patent No. 191,088, granted 1 Edited
by Charles C. Linthicum, Esq., of the Chicago bar.