642
FEDERAL REPORTER.
by a piratical publisher on the sale of his books is profit, still, as the proof as to cost of producing the work is wholly in the control of the defendants, the complainant makes a prima facie case of right to recover by showing the selling price, and the usual manufacturers' cost. The defendants, if for any reason they are not content to abide by the proof as to ordinary cost of production to the trade, must take the burden of showing by their own proof what their actual legitimate expenses were. The complainant's first and second exceptions to Mr. Bennett's report are sustained, and all the other exceptions filed by complainant and defendants are overruled, and a re-reference ordered to Mr. Ben. nett to state the account as to the profits of the resold volumes, un· less the parties shall stipUlate as to such profits.
GRAHAM 'V. GENEVA LAKE CRAWFORD MANUF'G
Uo.
(Oircuit Court, E. D. Wisconsin. May 10, 1881.) 1. PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT-LICENSE FEE.
Where a patentee does not desire to retain a close monopoly of his invention, the amount of the license fee which he has fixed in his dealings with other parties may be considered a proper compensation in damages, where the character of the infringement does not justify exemplary damages.
2.
SAME-NOMINAL DAMAGES.
Although the questions may be close, still it is manifestly wrong, his invention appearing to be valuable, that a pat.entee should only be allowed nominal damages against an infringer. SAME-AGREEMENT TO SECURE INTRODUCTION OF PATENTED MACHINE.
S.
Agreements made to secure the manufacturer an introduction of a patented machine are not to be considered as unqualified licenses fixing a royalty or license fee, which can be accepted a- establishing, within the language of the court in Seymour v. McCormick, 16 How. 480, the average of actual damages sustained by a patentee when his invention is used without license. SAlIrE-RATE OF ROYALTY.
4.
Where a license under letters patent provides for the payment of a royalty of five dollars a machine, but subject to a reduction of three dollars if paid promptly, etc., it will, on the question of assessing damages against a third party, he considered as establishing a royalty at the lower rate. Where the question is close, a revoked or abandoned license may be conslOered as throwing light upon the value which an inventor has put upon the right to manufacture his patented machine.
li. SAME-REVOKED OR ABANDONED LICENSE.
6.
SAME-ALLOWANCE OF INTEREST.
In this case the court reduces the amount reported by the master from five dollars to three dollars a maf'hine, but allmvs interest from the date of the interlocutory decree establishing the patent and the fact of infringement.
In Equity. Banning If Banning, for complainant. Flanders If Bottum, for defendant.
GBAHAM '11. GENEVA LAKE' cRAWFoRD MANUF'G CO.
643
DYER, J. In cases like this the theory of the law is that the complainant shall recover the actual damages which he has sustained by reason of the infringement. In arriving at such damages it is held that where the patentee does not desire to retain a close monopoly of his invention, the amount of the license fee which he has fixed in his dealings with other parties may be considered a proper compensation in damages where the character of the infringement does not justify exemplary damages. I have examined with care all the cases cited in which the rule just stated is enunciated, and uni· formly they are cases where the license fee or royalty was fixed with· out question by the patentee, and was well established; and the dif· ficulty in the present case is in determining whether Graham had an established price for a license, while the defendant was manufact. uring and selling its infringing machine, which can be adopted as a measure of actual damages within the principle laid down by the authorities. This is the pinch of the case, and I have been not a little perplexed to know just what the court should do in disposing of the exceptions to the master's report. Undoubtedly the complainant should not have his claim reduced to nominal damages. That, I think, would be manifestly wrong. Not much satisfactory light can be extracted from the Waterman and Waterman & Bloom contracts. The two contracts first made have been lost, and cannot be produced. The one of date January 29, 1870, is in evidence. They all, according to the evidence, provided for the payment of a royalty of $10 on each machine, but they appear to have contained various provisions and qualifications to cover contingencies, which materially affected their character as licenses, by which an absolute license fee was fixE\d. The contract in evidence contains numerous conditions, intended, evidently, to secme the introduction to public notice and use of the Graham invention, and providing for the return to Waterman of certain proportions of the royalty upon the happening of certain con· tingencies. And I am inclined to look upon all of these agreements made with Waterman and Waterman & Bloom as rather partaking of the nature of efforts to secure the manufacture of the machine and its introduction into public use than as unqualified licenses fixing a license fee which could be accepted as establishing, within the language of the court in Seymour v. McCormick, 16 How. 480, the avo erage of actual damages sustained by the patentee when his invention should be used without his license. By the arrangement with the Bloomington Company, which was ver. bal, it is said that a royalty of $10 was to be paid; but nothing was ever done by that company, and nothing was ever realized by Graham. By the agreement with the Wayne Agricultural Company, a royalty of three dollars was to be paid, and the license included something more than the invention in question. Nothing was done under this license, and it was afterwards revoked. By the license granted to the Ann Arbor Agricultural Company, a royalty of five dollars was
644
I'EDERAL REPORTER.
to be paid, subject, however, to a reduction to three dollars if the company should faithfully perform the contract on its part, and should make prompt payments as the contract requires. Tbis license is understood to be now in force, and it is evidently the license upon which complainant's counsel depends as establishing a license fee of five dollars, and upon which the master also relied in adopting that amount as measuring the complainant's damages. It is to be Observed, however, of this license that it was granted pending this suit, and therefore it can hardly be claimed that it proves a license fee established before this case was commenced; and while the defendant was infringing. However that may be, the question is whether, if the complainant has established a license fee at all which should govern in the present controversy, it may not be said to be three dollars with as much force as it may be said to be five dollars. As we have seen, the license to the Wayne Company provided for a royalty of three dollars. True, it was revoked and abandoned, and it has been held that the price for which an inventor in a single instance may have sold his right to certain territory is not a criterion by which to determine the value of his patent, or the damages sustained from its infringement. But in a case like the present, where it is a close question whether it can be said that the patentee has established a fixed and positive license fee or royalty at all, it seems to me that this license mfty be looked at as throwing light upon the value which the inventor has put upon the right to manufacture his machine, so far as it is to be considered in disposing of the present case. Further, we find that by the license to the Ann Arbor Company the royalty of five dollar8 is subject to be. reduced to three dollars if the company performs its contract, and the legal presumption is that the company will perform. Now, in view of this state of the case, has not the patentee really established three dollars as his license fee as effectually, for present purposes, as it may be said be has established five dollars as such fee, and even more effectnally? I admit that, upon the facts presented, any course of reasoning by which a conclusion may be sought on this qnestion of damages is not very satisfactory. In other words, it is not easy in such a case as this to determine what is precisely just and right between the parties; but, on the whole, I have concluded to somewhat reduce the amount which the master has allowed. I will put the license fee on each machine at three dollars, as, in the light of the evidence before me, most neady measuring or approximating the compensation in damages to which the complainant is entitled. And in arriving at this conclusion I take also into consideration the fact that a large number of the machines in question were not manufactured by the defendant, but were purchased for sale from other manufacturers. The master has found that the defendant has manufactured 747 machines, and has sold 823 machines manufactured by other parties, all of which infringe complainant's patent, making in all 1,570 machines to be included. in an estimate of damages. The 216 other
BATE REFRIGERATING CO. 11. EASTMAN.
645
machines spoken of in the master's report are not here considered or included. A royalty or license of three dollars on each machine, if paid on 1,570 machines, would make an aggregate of $4,710, and on that sum I shall also allow interest at 7 per cent. from the date of the Such entry of the interlocutory decree, which was October 11, interest amounts to $192.29, so that the total amount to be allowed is $4,902.29. To the extent thus indicated the exceptions to the master's report will be sustained, and decree accordingly. NOTE. In the ca..'le of Graham v. McCormick, Northern district of minois, decided April 17, 1885, unreported, Judge GnEsHAM confirmed a master's report as to the allowance of three dollars a machine under this same patent, but set it aside as to an allowance of interest from the date of the decision SllStaining the patent and charge of infringement. The decree entered in the McCormick Case amounted to $85,351.
BATE REFRIGERATING
Co. v.
EASTMAN.
(Oirouit Court, S. D. New York. June 12,1885.) PATENTS FOR INVENTroNS-INFRINGEMEN1'-COOI,ING AND DISTIlIBUTING ApPARATUS-REISSUE No. 7,643. OL. 5.
The fifth claim of reissued letters patent No. 7,643, issued to Moses J. Kelly, April 24,1877, for an improvement in air cooling and distributing apparatus, when properly canst rued, is not infringed by the app:mltus described in letters patent No. 226.281, granted to Joseph .J. Ooleman on April 6, 1880, for an aircooling and refrig'erating apparatus. the refrigel'<l.tlDg effecL being produced by the compression and expausion of air.
At Law. Dickerson d; Dicke1'son, for complainant. John R. Bennett and lloscoe Conkling, for defendant.
SHIPl\fAN, J. This is an action at law to recover damages for the alleged infringement by the defendant, in the port of New York, of the fifth claim of reissued letters patent No, 7,643, issued to Moses J. Kelly, April 24, 1877, for an improvement in air cooling and distributing apparatus. The original patent No. 44,731, dated October 18, 1864, and antedated October 6, 1864, was assigned to the plaintiff on December 21, 1876. By written stipulation between the parties a jury was waived, and the action has been tried by the court. After the plaintiff had rested his case, and after the introduction by the defendant of two patents, and a decree or order of the circuit court for this district dismissing the bill in equity of the present plaintiffs against the present defendants praying for an injunction against the infringement of the reisstfed letters patent which are the subject of this action, the defendant moved that judgment be entered for the defendant upon the gwund that, upon the facts as presented, the action